handling a Ubuntu system, ShellScript, Ftp, Http, typical tasks, shortcuts, keyboard shortcuts, files, folder,

Ubuntu - Typical Tasks

This articles contains some information about handling a Ubuntu system.

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Table of Contents

1. Ubuntu

2. Unity

2.1. Overview

2.2. Adding entries to the launcher

2.3. Useful shortcuts

3. Using the console

3.1. Editor

3.2. Grep

3.3. Find files

3.4. Calculate the size of a folder

3.5. Remove files

3.6. Processes

3.7. Change owner of files and directories

3.8. Create new user via the console

4. Environment Variables

4.1. Add a directory to the path

5. Important files

6. Package Management

7. ShellScript

8. Network

8.1. Network commands

8.2. Http debugging with curl

8.3. IRC

8.4. Ftp

9. MySQL

10. Apache Tomcat

10.1. Important Files

10.2. Important Commands

11. PDF files

11.1. Command line tool pdftk

11.2. Converting .odp file to pdf in batch

12. Command line tools for adjusting images

13. Connection

13.1. Telnet / ssh client for Windows

13.2. Switch to Console mode from Graphical User Interface

14. Tips

14.1. Shortcut for a shell

15. Thank you

1. Ubuntu

Ubuntu Linux is a full fledged Linux system trailed for the desktop. Ubuntu builds a unique user interface and offers the users a solid choice of tools.

2. Unity

2.1. Overview

Unity is the default windows manager on Ubuntu. It introduced the launcher on the left side of Ubuntu and the Dash to start programs.
Press the Windows key to start the Dash. Here you can type in commands to open programs and files.

2.2. Adding entries to the launcher

To add new entries to the launcher you can create an .desktop file and drag file on the launcher. For example the following creates an entry to start Eclipse with different shortcuts for different workspaces.

[Desktop Entry]
Icon=application-x-executable
Name=eclipse
Type=Application
Exec=/home/vogella/Eclipse37/eclipse

X-Ayatana-Desktop-Shortcuts=Docu;vogella;business
 
[Docu Shortcut Group]
Name=Docu
Exec=/home/vogella/Eclipse37/eclipse -data /home/vogella/workspace/docu
TargetEnvironment=Unity

[vogella Shortcut Group]
Name=vogella
Exec=/home/vogella/Eclipse37/eclipse -data /home/vogella/workspace/vogella
TargetEnvironment=Unity

[business Shortcut Group]
Name=business
Exec=/home/vogella/Eclipse37/eclipse -data /home/vogella/workspace/business
TargetEnvironment=Unity 

2.3. Useful shortcuts

The following lists a few useful shortcuts for the Unity window manager.

Table 1. Window Shortcuts

Long press on Super (Windows key)	Opens up help for the most common keyboard shortcuts
Alt+Left Mouse Click	Allows to moves the current window

3. Using the console

To open a console open the Dash and type in Terminal. Alternatively you can use the shortcut CTRL+Alt+T. This will open a window which allow you to issue commands.

3.1. Editor

Ubuntu offers several editors which are installed by default. The most common command line editor is "vim". Start vim from the command line. vim has two modes, one editing mode and other mode in which you can move within the file. To start editing the file use "i". Once you want to save press the escape button and write ":wq". If you want to exit without saving use ":q!".
A simple editor with a graphical user interface is gedit.

3.2. Grep

Grep is a command line tool to search for regular expressions. grep will print the matching line to the output and with the --color flag you can highlight the matching strings.

echo "hallo hallo" | grep -P --color "h\w" 

The following example will search for the number of occurrence of string "abc" in the file "file.txt".

grep -c "abc" file.txt 

grep is frequently used together with the find command. For example the following will case-incentive search for the pattern ".*Legacy.*.xml". through the content of all files and list the files which ends with ".java" and lists these files.

find . -name "*.java" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i ".*Legacy.*xmi" 

Use the -r "recursive" option to search a directory and all files included within it.

# Search hello in all files and
# subdirectories of the current directory
grep -r "hello" . 

3.3. Find files

The following demonstrates the usage of the find command.

Table 2. 

Command	Description
find dir -name "pattern" 2>/dev/null	Finds recursive all files which apply to the pattern "pattern" starting from the directory "dir". The 2> Send all error messages to the null device.
find . -name '*.java' -newer build.xml -print	Search for all java files newer then the file build.xml
find . -name '*.java' -mtime +7 -print	Search for all java files newer then 7 dates
find . -name '*.java' -mtime +7 -print0 | xargs -0 grep 'swt'	Search for all java files newer then 7 dates using "swt". The -0 options is used for files and folders with spaces.

3.4. Calculate the size of a folder

The following calculates the size (disk usage))of a folder "folder1" in megabyte.

du -sh folder1 

3.5. Remove files

Use the command "rm pattern"" to delete files. Be careful with the usage of files.

# Remove all files which ends with .class in the current directory
rm *.class
# find all files which ends with .class recursive in all directories below the current one and delete them
find . -type f -name "*.class" -exec rm -vf {} \; 

3.6. Processes

To see all running processes on your system use

ps -aux 

3.7. Change owner of files and directories

Table 3. 

Command	Description
chown -R www-data:www-data mydir	Change recursively the owner and the group of the directory "mydir" and its subdirectories.

3.8. Create new user via the console

To create a new user via the console use the following commands. This will create the user, set his password and create a home directory for the user and change this ownership of the directory.

sudo useradd newuser
sudo passwd newuser
sudo mkdir /home/newuser
sudo chown newuser /home/newuser
sudo chgrp newuser /home/newuser 

Careful: This command will allow the user also to execute sudo commands (root).

sudo adduser vogella admin 

4. Environment Variables

Table 4. 

Command	Description
echo $VARIABLE	Prints the content of the environment variable
sudo /etc/init.d/tomcat5 start/stop	Start / stops the tomcat server
sudo -i	Switches to root

4.1. Add a directory to the path

The PATH environment variable is where the system will look for executable files. To temporary add the /home/vogella/bin directory to the PATH use the following command.

export PATH=$PATH:/home/vogella/bin 

If you want to add a directory permanently to the path you can edit / create the file .bashrc and add the following line to the file. Every new directory in the path must start with :.

PATH=$PATH:path_to_new_directory 

Open a new shell to make the changes in the .bashrc file active.

5. Important files

Table 5. 

File	Description
/etc/issue	Contains the Ubuntu version you are running
lsb_release -a	Prints out the Ubuntu version you are running
/etc/apt/sources.list	Contains the available sources for software installation
/usr/share/tomcat	Installation directory for tomcat
/var/www/vhosts/domain1	Contains on my v-server the user directory for a specific domain which is hosted on this server

6. Package Management

On the command line Ubuntu allows to install / remove and search for packages via the following commands.

Table 6. 

Command	Description
sudo apt-get install paketname	Installs a package
sudo apt-cache search openjdk	Search for all packages which contain openjdk. The found package can get installed via the "apt-get install" command.
aptitude purge	Removes a package and orphaned dependencies and its configuration files
aptitude update	Update the local package list
aptitude upgrade	Updates any installed packages for which an update is available
aptitude clean	Deletes downloaded files which were necessary for installation
aptitude show	Show details about a package name
aptitude dist-upgrade	Updates the Ubuntu system to the next version
dpkg -L packagename	Lists all files and their location in a package
sudo updatedb; locate javac	Updates the installation database and locates the javac command.

To search for the installed packages use the following command.

cat /var/log/dpkg.log | grep "\ install\ " 

7. ShellScript

Shell scripts are short programs that are written in a shell programming language and interpreted by a shell process in the console. You can create these programs via a text editor and execute them in a terminal window.
Create for example the following text file.

chmod 777 yourScript 

You also have to make this file executable via:
Create for example the following text file "yourScript".

#!/bin/bash
clear
echo "Hello, world." 

Now you can call the shell script via ./yourScript. It should print "Hello, world" to the console.

8. Network

8.1. Network commands

The following commands give you an overview of your network connections.

Table 7. 

Command	Description
lspci -nn | grep -i net
lsusb
iwconfig
ifconfig	Shows the network connections
lsmod
python -m SimpleHTTPServer	Start webserver serving current directory tree at http://localhost:8000/

8.2. Http debugging with curl

curl is a command line tool to issue and receive http (and other) request. For example if you want to see the HTTP output of a webpage use the following command.

curl http://www.vogella.com
// Or
curl -G http://www.vogella.com 

If you want to the HTTPrequest header (including the HTTP status codes use the following command. This is for example nice to see if your server deliver a 404 return code for your self-defined error page.

curl -I http://www.vogella.com 

You can set HTTP header information with the -h flag. For example to request a certain MIME type use the -H'Accept:MIME' option.

curl -I http://www.vogella.com -H'Accept:text/plain' 

To use curl behind a proxy.

curl -x proxy:8080 -G http://www.vogella.com 

Tip

curl is also available for Windows. Please see curl for Windows.

8.3. IRC

For IRC communication you can use the tool xchat. To install it use "sudo apt-get install xchat".

8.4. Ftp

For Ftp access you can install filezilla via sudo apt-get install filezilla or map the ftp access to a virtual device.
To map the device select your desktop. Select the file menu and the entry "Connect to server".

9. MySQL

For a description of MySQL and its installation in Ubuntu see MySQL - Tutorial

10. Apache Tomcat

10.1. Important Files

Table 8. 

File	Description
/usr/share/tomcat5/	Installation directory of Tomcat
psa-webapps	Installation directory for webapps in a vhost environment
/usr/share/tomcat5/conf	Configuration Directory for Tomcat
/etc/default/tomcat5	Contains default settings for tomcat. Most important the used java version (jdk).
/var/log/tomcat5	Log files of tomcat

10.2. Important Commands

Table 9. 

Command	Description
/etc/init.d/tomcat5 restart	Restart the tomcat webserver

11. PDF files

11.1. Command line tool pdftk

The "pdftk" command line tool allows to rework existing pdf files, e.g. extract pages or change the orientation of the pdf file.
You can install it via the following command.

sudo apt-get install pdftk 

For example to extract pages from an pdf document you can use the "cat" option.

# Extract certain pages from a pdf document
# "dont_ask" will override existing files without warning 
pdftk Eclipse4book-20120429.pdf cat 25-27 87-91 95 output Eclipse4-Exercise.pdf dont_ask 

11.2. Converting .odp file to pdf in batch

If you have LibreOffice installed you can convert .odp files on the command line to pdf files.

soffice --nologo --invisible -convert-to pdf -outdir ./pdf *.odp 

12. Command line tools for adjusting images

ImageMagick allows to convert images in batch see ImageMagick Command line Options.
For example the following adjusts the DPI size of images to 300.

convert -units PixelsPerInch -density 300 input.png output.png 

13. Connection

13.1. Telnet / ssh client for Windows

To connect to your Linux system via telnet or via ssh from windows you can use putty Putty download page

13.2. Switch to Console mode from Graphical User Interface

In case your Linux system is runnig under a graphical user interface (KDE, Gnome,...) and you need access to the console, use the Ctrl-Alt-F1 shortcut keys to switch to the first console. To switch back to Desktop mode, use the Ctrl-Alt-F7 shortcut keys.

14. Tips

Ubuntu 11.10 ships with Unity which has a nice quick starter menu. To edit this menu you can install the menu manager via:

sudo apt-get install alacarte 

To open this type "Menu Manager" in the Dash. Choose "programming" in the left panel. Press "New item" button then. Choose name, command, icon
In the panel click and hold Alt to quick switch/launch apps.

14.2. Shortcut for a shell

The first thing is to create a shortcut for opening a shell / terminal window. Ubuntu allows to define keyboard shortcuts via the following menu entry.

For example you can assign the hotkey "Ctrl+Alt+X" to "Open a terminal" via the following entry.

Use shell command in the open terminal for finding files on a Linux (Ubuntu 12.04 and older version)

Use shell command in the terminal for finding files on a Linux (Ubuntu 12.04 and older version)

 CTRL + ALT +T
open the terminal
CT
find / -name game

Looks for a file named "game" starting at the root directory (searching all directories including mounted filesystems). The `-name' option makes the search case sensitive. You can use the `-iname' option to find something regardless of case.

 find /home -user joe

Find every file under the directory /home owned by the user joe.

 find /usr -name *stat

Find every file under the directory /usr ending in "stat".

 find /var/spool -mtime +60

Find every file under the directory /var/spool that was modified more than 60 days ago.

 find /tmp -name core -type f -print | xargs /bin/rm -f

Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them. Note that this will work incorrectly if there are any filenames containing newlines, single or double quotes, or spaces.

 find /tmp -name core -type f -print0 | xargs -0 /bin/rm -f

Find files named core in or below the directory /tmp and delete them, processing filenames in such a way that file or directory names containing single or double quotes, spaces or newlines are correctly handled. The -name test comes before the -type test in order to avoid having to call stat(2) on every file.

 find . -type f -exec file '{}' \;

Runs `file' on every file in or below the current directory. Notice that the braces are enclosed in single quote marks to protect them from interpretation as shell script punctuation. The semicolon is similarly protected by the use of a backslash, though ';' could have been used in that case also.

find / \( -perm -4000 -fprintf /root/suid.txt '%#m %u %p\n' \), \
 \( -size +100M -fprintf /root/big.txt '%-10s %p\n' \)

Traverse the filesystem just once, listing setuid files and directories into /root/suid.txt and large files into /root/big.txt.

 find $HOME -mtime 0

Search for files in your home directory which have been modified in the last twenty-four hours. This command works this way because the time since each file was last modified is divided by 24 hours and any remainder is discarded. That means that to match -mtime 0, a file will have to have a modification in the past which is less than 24 hours ago.

 find . -perm 664

Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner, and group, but which other users can read but not write to. Files which meet these criteria but have other permissions bits set (for example if someone can execute the file) will not be matched.

 find . -perm -664

Search for files which have read and write permission for their owner and group, and which other users can read, without regard to the presence of any extra permission bits (for example the executable bit). This will match a file which has mode 0777, for example.

 find . -perm /222

Search for files which are writable by somebody (their owner, or their group, or anybody else).

 find . -perm /220
 find . -perm /u+w,g+w
 find . -perm /u=w,g=w

All three of these commands do the same thing, but the first one uses the octal representation of the file mode, and the other two use the symbolic form. These commands all search for files which are writable by either their owner or their group. The files don't have to be writable by both the owner and group to be matched; either will do.

 find . -perm -220
 find . -perm -g+w,u+w

Both these commands do the same thing; search for files which are writable by both their owner and their group.

 find . -perm -444 -perm /222 ! -perm /111
 find . -perm -a+r -perm /a+w ! -perm /a+x

These two commands both search for files that are readable for everybody (-perm -444 or -perm -a+r), have at least on write bit set (-perm /222 or -perm /a+w) but are not executable for anybody (! -perm /111 and ! -perm /a+x respectively)

How to rar/unrar the files on Linux operating system using open command terminal

Using rarlinux
download rarlinux tool from win-rar website and Gunzip the downloaded rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip file
[root@vinsun]#gunzip rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip
To extract the gunzipped but .tar file
[root@vinsun]#tar xvf rarlinux-3.7.1.tar
The above will extract the tar file to a folder in your present working directory called rar.
enter tho the rar dir
[root@vinsun]# cd ./rar
long list the rar folder -
[root@vinsun]# ls -l ./rar
You should see an executable file called unrar. There you go -
To unrar a file -
[root@vinsun]# ./unrar x file.rar
To extract a password protected rar file -
[root@vinsun]#./unrar x -p[password] file.rar


Using unrar:
Fetch and install unrar tools from fedora extra repository -
[root@cafe moon]#yum install unrar
To see unrar help pages-
[root@cafe moon]# unrar ?
To extract a rar file -
[root@cafe moon]# unrar x file.rar
To extract a password protected rar file -
[root@cafe moon]#unrar x -p[password] file.rar

Using rarlinux:
Download the rarlinux tool from Winrar website and Gunzip the downloaded rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip file
[root@cafe moon]#gunzip rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip
To extract the gunzipped but .tar file
[root@cafe moon]#tar xvf rarlinux-3.7.1.tar
The above will extract the tar file to a folder in your present working directory called rar.
enter tho the rar dir
[root@cafe moon]# cd ./rar
long list the rar folder -
[root@cafe moon]# ls -l ./rar
You should see an executable file called unrar. There you go -
To unrar a file -
[root@cafe moon]# ./unrar x file.rar
To extract a password protected rar file -
[root@cafe moon]#./unrar x -p[password] file.rar

Remove Virus from Computer or USB Drive by Command Prompt

The word  “Virus” is a threat to users of Windows. Users feel uneasy to connect others USB or pen drive to their Computer for the inflections made by Virus. Viruses spread in Computer to Computer through the pen drive or any removable disk drive. Mainly Autorun.inf or many .exe  files like newfolder.exe, ravmon.exe etc affect the documents of your computer. If you try to delete the file from the directory they come back automatically every time and it easily spreads in the computer.

These Autorun or .exe files are written in such a manner that when we try to open or rename a drive a specific program starts as a result we can’t do those works.You can remove viruses from Task Manager. You have to stop the affecting process from “Task Manager” by choosing that process as “End Task” in Task Manager. But the virus programmer are much aware about that so when you want to open “Task Manager” by pressing “Ctrl+alt+del” you will see that the “Task Manager has been disabled by your administrator“.


In this situation there is another process to remove autorun.inf from Command Prompt. That seems more effective. You have go through some commands only. But the Command Prompt may be disabled by the virus. You can download a replacement of the Command Prompt.
However after getting the access of Command Prompt you can apply the following tricks to remove the virus from your computer.


First click the “Start” button and go to “Run“. You can also press “Windows+R“. Type “cmd” there.

Type the following commands in the Command Prompt

• Type “<Drive_name>:” in the command prompt and hit “Enter“. (“Drive_name” is where the problem occurs, it may be any USB drive)
• Type “attrib” and hit “Enter“. (This shows the files that are present in the currently working directory. You can also use the command “dir/w/o/a/p“)
• If there are any file named autorun.inf then go for next steps else the drive is not affected with any autorun.inf file.
• Type “attrib -h -r -s -a *.* ” then hit “Enter“.  (This command removes the Hidden, Read Only, System and Archive attributes over any file)
• After unhiding and removing attributes you can see the files.  So you can delete the file now.
• Type “del <filename>” in the Command Prompt and hit “Enter“. (As for example del autorun.inf)

Now your computer is virus free. Enjoy! Feel free to share your experience with us.