Facts to earn money from websites/blog: The Psychology of Color and Internet Marketing

As Internet marketers it is imperative that we constantly look for ways to make a good impression on our viewers. Your business depends on it. We only have a short amount of time, before a decision on whether or not we are professionals will be made. We must make good use of this time.

The first instant we have at presenting ourselves to viewers is our web page. This brings us to the importance of good design and proper color choices. First impressions are very important. We must make the best of them because we are only allowed one.

Remember this is your store front, and you must treat it respectfully. While content, customer service, a niche in your market, and a high subscriber list, are crucial to your life on the internet. Good web page design and proper color choices are crucial as well. It is a good part of the reason why viewers bother to look over your content at all. Regardless of how incredible your content may be, you need to welcome them and make them feel at home, while they are there. Or, they will leave.

Did you know you can control the mood of your visitors by using certain color choices? This is a simple concept that is very often ignored. Why?

Human emotions are very often triggered by color. You need to know which colors trigger which emotions.

Color can make the difference between buying and selling, if used correctly. You need to choose the right color combinations for your site and product.

Everything we, buy, eat, wear, and all of the things that take up space where we live, work or play, all have colors. These colors provide a psychological and emotional response in everyone. These responses reflect who we are and the things that we think and feel.

Color is the first thing we notice and the last thing we forget. If used properly it can be a powerful tool. It is the doorway to our deepest thoughts and feelings, and desires. This is an issue worth discussing.

Which colors should you use?

Well, it is always best to keep your main content on a white background. This is easier on the eyes and will provide a sense of professionalism. The color white triggers emotions such as: purity, peace, and perfection.

While white is an important color, you will probably want to complement your site with other colors as well. After all, there is creativity in each and every one of us. There is a huge color spectrum for us to choose from. Which colors are best!

Here are a few ideas to help you.

Red colors can stimulate warmth, hunger, and excitement. Cooler colors such as green and blues enhance calm and content feelings. Dark colors make objects seem heavier, while light colors make them seem lighter.

Yellow may reflect a lack of worry, while black a troubled state. Of course not all colors mean the same things to all people. Yellow may sometimes mean cheap, green may mean money or greed, black may mean elegance or death.

Color has become a science and it is a much needed weapon as part of your marketing arsenal. You will need to take great thought in choosing color as it will identify you, because once a color is "owned" it is associated with you and your company. I am sure you have noticed this with examples such as Coca Cola red, Tide orange, and John Deere Green. It is just as important to your identity as your logo. If a shape provides a symbol, be aware that color does the same.

Think carefully when choosing colors! Applying a certain color to your product is just plain logic.

For example: In stores, colors identify flavors, brands, and products: Green in a cleaner says pine- in a mouthwash says mint, blue very often means strong mint - icy cool. Clear means additive free. Red found in strawberries, cherries, and apples is very appealing. You would never choose gray for laundry detergent because you don't want gray clothes, you want brightly colored clothes. Blue, very unappetizing on a dinner plate, is much more successful as a dinner plate.

Because they strongly affect mood, grays and browns seem somber and often depressing. But they can take on a more cheerful attitude with complements of red. No matter how you use them they suggest weight, or something heavy. This would provide your visitors with a feeling of stableness and strength. Emotions like this will help your visitors to associate your site with solidity and confidence. Other colors such as burgundy, oyster, beige, and blues will also provide a feeling of solidity.

The list goes on and on.

Don't over look the issue of color with your business. Believe me it matters!

You see, once we lived in a black and white world. TV was black, printed publications were predominantly black. All of that changed in the 60's and has created a chain reaction that holds true today. Color is the most important attention getter. As humans, we bring our own tastes to the world. How do we choose which color to be identified with? What is the right color? Sometimes there is no right answer; you just have to take your best shot. But the number one choice of Corporate America is still blue.

About The Author Pam Renovato is the web master of a newly renovated: The Free Advertising Network. What will you do when you discover all of those other marketing packages don't work? Try using your use your teeth! 4 great membership’s one low monthly price!

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: ECE LAB experiment : communication Lab

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:

Aim:

Introduction to Direct sequence spread spectrum.

Introduction:

In some situations it is required that a communication signal be difficult to detect, and difficult to demodulate even when detected. Here the word ‘detect’ is used in the sense of ‘to discover the presence of’. The signal is required to have a low probability of intercept - LPI.

In other situations a signal is required that is difficult to interfere with, or ‘jam’. The ‘spread spectrum’ signal has properties which help to achieve these ends. Spread spectrum signals may be divided into two main groups - direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS). This experiment is concerned with demonstrating some of the principles of the first.

Principle of DSSS:

Consider the frequency translation of a baseband message (of bandwidth B Hz) to a higher part of the spectrum, using DSBSC modulation. The resulting signal occupies a bandwidth of 2B Hz, and would typically override the noise occupying the same part of the spectrum. This makes it easy to find with a spectrum analyser (for example), and so the probability of intercept is high. A local carrier, synchronized

with that at the transmitter, is required at the receiver for synchronous demodulation. The recovered signal-to-noise ratio is 3 dB better than that measured at its original location in the spectrum. This 3 dB improvement comes from the fact that the contributions from each sideband add coherently, whereas the noise does not. This can be called a 3 dB ‘processing gain’, and is related to the fact that the transmission

bandwidth and message bandwidth are in the ratio of 2:1.

In a spread spectrum system literally thousands of different carriers are used, to generate thousands of DSBSC signals each derived from the same message. These carriers are spread over a wide bandwidth (much wider than 2B Hz), and so the resulting DSBSC signals will be spread over the same bandwidth.

If the total transmitted power is similar to that of the single DSBSC case, then the power of an individual DSBSC in the spread spectrum case is thousands of times less. In fact, over the bandwidth occupied by one of these DSBSC signals, it would be literally ‘buried in the noise’, and difficult to find with a spectrum analyser (for example).

Instead of the total transmitted power being concentrated in a band of width 2B Hz, the multiple carriers have spread it thinly over a very wide bandwidth. The signal-to-noise ratio for each DSBSC is very low (well below 0 dB). To recover the message from the

transmitted spread spectrum signal all that a receiver requires is thousands of local carriers, at the same frequency and of the same relative phase, as all those at the transmitter . All these carriers come from a pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) generator.

Given a stable clock, and a long sequence, it may be shown that the spectrum of a pseudo random binary sequence generator is a good source of these carriers . A second PRBS generator, of the same type, clocked at the same rate, and appropriately aligned, is sufficient to regenerate all the required local carriers at the receiver demodulator.

In the spread spectrum context the PRBS signal is generally called a PN – pseudo noise - signal, since its spectrum approaches that of random noise.

Having the correct sequence at the receiver means that the message contributions from each of the thousands of minute DSBSC signals combine in phase – coherently - and add up to a finite message output. Otherwise they add with random phases, resulting in a (very) small, noise-like output.

Processing gain:

To achieve most of the claims made for the spread spectrum it is necessary that the bandwidth over which the message is spread be very much greater than the bandwidth of the message itself. Each DSBSC of the DSSS signal is at a level below the noise, but each is processed by the synchronous demodulator to give a 3 dB SNR improvement. The total improvement is proportional to the number of individual DSBSC components. In fact the processing gain of the system is equal to the ratio of DSSS bandwidth to message bandwidth.

A DSSS generator:

To generate a spread spectrum signal one requires:

1. A modulated signal somewhere in the RF spectrum

2. A PN sequence to spread it

These two are combined as shown in Figure 1.

There are two bandwidths involved here: that of the modulated signal, and the spreading sequence. The first will be very much less than the second. The output spread spectrum signal will be spread either side of the original RF carrier (ω0) by an amount equal to the bandwidth of the PN sequence.

Most of the energy of the sequence will lie in the range DC to ωs, where ωs is the sequence clock. The longer the sequence the more spectral components will lie in this range. It is necessary and usual that ω0 >> ωs, although in the experiment to follow the difference will not be large.

The modulated signal can be of any type, but typically digitally-derived, such as binary phase shift keyed - BPSK. In this case the arrangement of Figure 1 can be expanded to that of Figure 2.

A digital message is preferred in an operational spread spectrum system, since it makes the task of the eavesdropper even more difficult.

The arrangement of Figure 2 can be simplified by noting that, if the clock of the bipolar message is a sub-multiple of the clock of the PN sequence, then the modulotwo sum of the message and the PN sequence can be used to multiply the RF carrier, generating a DSSS signal with a single multiplier. Such a simplification will not be implemented in this experiment.

A DSSS demodulator:

A demodulator for the DSSS of Figure 1 is shown in block form in Figure 3.

The input multiplier performs the de-spreading of the received signal, and the second multiplier translates the modulated signal down to baseband. The filter output would probably require further processing - not shown - to ‘clean up’ the waveform to binary format.

The PN sequence at the receiver acts as a ‘key’ to the transmission. It must not only have the same clock and bit pattern; it must be aligned properly with the sequence at the transmitter.

The PN spectrum:

The PN signal, being periodic, has a line spectrum. This spectrum is determined by the PN clock period Tc and the sequence length N (the number of bits, or clock periods, before the pattern repeats).

• the spectral lines are separated by (1/NTc) Hz.

• there is a DC component of amplitude (1/N).

the amplitude of an individual line in the spectrum is weighted, where:

It is clear that a plot of these weights will show them lying within an envelope having a sync function shape. Most of the energy of the PN sequence lies below the first minimum (when n = N); that is, below the clock frequency.

For approximate analysis it is often assumed that the shape of the power spectral density is rectangular, extending from DC to (1/Tc) Hz.

Experimental Procedure:

This experiment will be concerned with modelling the systems of Figures 2 and 3.

The message:

The message comes from a SEQUENCE GENERATOR.

To obtain a reasonable processing gain the message clock needs to be much slower than the PN clock. Being a sub-multiple of the PN clock is also an advantage. The2 kHz MESSAGE from the MASTER SIGNALS module has been used - 1/48 of the 100 kHz master clock.. You may prefer a larger division ratio. This can be achieved with further division using the DIGITAL UTILITIES module.

Select a short message sequence for stable oscilloscope displays (both toggles of the on-board switch UP).

The transmission medium:

The transmitter is connected to the receiver via an ADDER, acting as a nonbandlimiting (and so no delay) transmission path. The second input to the ADDER will be used for inserting noise. The inclusion of a finite delay would introduce problems with aligning the receiver PN sequence.

Clocks:

Since the PN clock is a sub-multiple of the carrier, only one of these needs to be recovered by the receiver. In the experiment they are stolen from the transmitter.

Generation:

T1 model the block diagram of Figure 2. This is shown in Figure 4. The ADDER is included for inserting noise from a NOISE GENERATOR (module not shown).

T2 before inserting the SEQUENCE GENERATOR modules, select a short sequence for the message (both toggles of the on-board switch SW2 UP), and the same long sequence for the PN generators (both toggles of the on-board switch SW2 DOWN).

T3 initially use the 100 kHz TTL available from MASTER SIGNALS, divided by 12, using a DIGITAL UTILITIES module (not shown), for the PN generator clock.

T4 initially reduce the noise output from the ADDER to zero.

T5 instead of connecting the bi-polar message sequence to the X input of the first MULTIPLIER, connect instead the 2 kHz MESSAGE (sinusoidal) signal. This makes the output from the first MULTIPLIER a DSBSC signal, easily recognisable on the oscilloscope. Check this.

T6 instead of connecting the PN sequence to the X input of the second MULTIPLIER, connect instead the VARIABLE DC module set to near +2 volt. This makes the second MULTIPLIER a voltage controlled amplifier with a gain of about unity. Thus the ‘DSSS output’ will be a well-recognisable DSBSC based on a 2 kHz message. Check your levels with this recognisable signal.

T7 using the SPECTRUM ANALYSER, examine the output spectrum. Confirm it is a DSBSC.

When satisfied that the MULTIPLIER modules are behaving as expected, return their inputs to the signals previously connected.

T8 synchronize the oscilloscope to the SYNCH signal (START-OF-SEQUENCE) of the message generator. Examine signals throughout the system. Some will be familiar, others not. There are no adjustments to be made, except for the output amplitude from the ADDER.

T9 using the SPECTRUM ANALYSER, examine the output spectrum. With an 8.333 kHz PN clock, confirm that the output spectrum - the DSSS signal - has its energy concentrated over about 8 kHz either side of the 100 kHz carrier.

T10 now add noise. Adjust the noise level so that, while observing the spectrum of the ADDER output, the DSSS signal can be seen above the noise level.

T11 while still observing the spectrum, increase the spread of the DSSS signal. This is done by increasing the PN sequence clock rate by choosing a lower division of the 100 kHz TTL - choose divide-by-2, for a 50 kHz clock.

The increase of PN clock rate has widened the spectrum of the PN sequence to about 50 kHz (from 8 kHz). Since the DSSS signal contains the same energy as before, it has been spread more thinly over the spectrum, and it will have sunk deeper into, and got ‘lost’ in, the noise.

Demodulation:

T12 model the receiver of Figure 3 as suggested in Figure 5 below. Both the 100 kHz carrier, and the PN sequence, are stolen from the transmitter. Not shown is a PHASE SHIFTER for the 100 kHz carrier. This is used to maximize the output amplitude (it will also change its polarity).

T13 the bandwidth of the output filter is chosen to suit the message. Use a TUNEABLE LPF (shown in Figure 5), or the 3 kHz LPF in the HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER. For restoration of the output to a TTL format a DECISION MAKER would be included, but this is not necessary for this experiment. Visual comparison of the sent and received sequences is adequate.

Although there are two stolen clocks shown, in practice it is often only necessary to acquire, by what ever means, a single clock. This is because one can be a known sub-multiple of the other.

T14 observe the output, when the transmitter is connected to the input. Probably there will be ‘nothing’ - or nothing resembling the expected output sequence. Varying the phase of the 100 kHz carrier should not change things.

The problem is that the receiver PN sequence, although synchronized with that at the transmitter, is not correctly aligned in time. With no transmission delay it is a simple matter to achieve this.

T15 bring the two sequences into alignment by momentarily connecting the startof- sequence SYNC output of the transmitter SEQUENCE GENERATOR to the RESET input of the receiver SEQUENCE GENERATOR.

T16 re-examine the output from the demodulator. The message should have been recovered (being a short sequence, this is easy to confirm visually). Adjust the bandwidth of the demodulator output filter for minimum bandwidth consistent with reasonable waveshape. Remember, a DECISION MAKER could be used to regenerate a perfect copy of the original, but this is not necessary for our present purpose.

Interference:

T17 with the system set up and showing the demodulated sequence at the receiver output, replace the noise with a 100 kHz sinusoid from a VCO. This represents an interfering signal (a very elementary form of jamming). Monitor the VCO with the FREQUENCY COUNTER.

T18 while watching the demodulator output, sweep the VCO frequency through its full frequency range.

Discussion Question:

1) Consider a DSBSC signal derived from a single tone. How many lines would there be in the spectrum of the spread signal? You will have to supply some data regarding the spreading sequence.

2) Consider a DSBSC signal derived from a single tone. How many lines would there be in the de-spread spectrum ? You will have to supply some data regarding the spreading sequence.

3) What advantage is there in making the message bit rate a sub-multiple of the PN bit rate ?

4) Explain the principle of operation involved in CDMA?

Hiding Folder/file on Ubuntu 12.10 and older version

Hiding Folder/file on Ubuntu

#1 : If you have just one file to hide then just rename the file name from ‘myfile’ to ‘.myfile’ or if you have a lot of files to hide then better create a folder – lets say – ‘mysecret’ and copy all the files you want to hide, then rename the folder name to ‘.mysecret’ .

#2 : Now refresh (hit F5) the screen, then your Folder/file will disappear.

#3 : That’s all..The most appropriate place for hiding folders/file would be desktop because CTRL+H won’t work directly , i.e in order to see hidden content(s), it must be seen through Nautilus.
How to see Hidden Files/Folders/Directory in Ubuntu

To see hidden file hit ‘CTRL+H’ (Twice if you want to hide it again) in nautilus or from command line/terminal. The command is -

ls -a

Warning! : Hiding folders isn’t a smart way to protect information from other people, you should encrypt it using some common encryption tool (A lot of free encryption tools for ubuntu are available) ; then decrypt it when you need it. So in this way, if any body will get your encrypted version of file/folder then they won’t be able (not necessarily true in all cases) to get the content! Second, it may works only with the nautilus i.e other file browser may show the hidden content directly!

How to download rar linux tool from win-rar website and Gunzip to rar on linux (ubuntu 12.10 and older versions)

Using rarlinux
download rar linux tool from win-rar website and Gunzip the downloaded rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip file
[root@vinsun]#gunzip rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip
To extract the gunzipped but .tar file
[root@vinsun]#tar xvf rarlinux-3.7.1.tar
The above will extract the tar file to a folder in your present working directory called rar.
enter tho the rar dir
[root@vinsun]# cd ./rar
long list the rar folder -
[root@vinsun]# ls -l ./rar
You should see an executable file called unrar. There you go -
To unrar a file -
[root@vinsun]# ./unrar x file.rar
To extract a password protected rar file -
[root@vinsun]#./unrar x -p[password] file.rar

Using unrar:
Fetch and install unrar tools from fedora extra repository -
[root@cafe moon]#yum install unrar
To see unrar help pages-
[root@cafe moon]# unrar ?
To extract a rar file -
[root@cafe moon]# unrar x file.rar
To extract a password protected rar file -
[root@cafe moon]#unrar x -p[password] file.rar

Using rarlinux:
Download the rarlinux tool from Winrar website and Gunzip the downloaded rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip file
[root@cafe moon]#gunzip rarlinux-3.7.1.tar.gzip
To extract the gunzipped but .tar file
[root@cafe moon]#tar xvf rarlinux-3.7.1.tar
The above will extract the tar file to a folder in your present working directory called rar.
enter tho the rar dir
[root@cafe moon]# cd ./rar
long list the rar folder -
[root@cafe moon]# ls -l ./rar
You should see an executable file called unrar. There you go -
To unrar a file -
[root@cafe moon]# ./unrar x file.rar
To extract a password protected rar file -
[root@cafe moon]#./unrar x -p[password] file.rar

Linux / Unix Command: vi, vim, gvim Command Library

Linux / Unix Command: vi, vim, gvim
Command Library

SYNOPSIS

    % vi [options] [file ..]

DESCRIPTION

    The "vi" text editor is not recommended for newbies.
    To exit vi (no changes saved) use these five characters: <ESC>:q!<Enter>.
    vim: Modern Linux distributions use vim (="vi improved") in place of vi, and vim is somewhat better than the original vi.
    gvim: The GUI version of vi is also available: type gvim in an X terminal.
    The most important thing to understand about vi is that is a "modal" editor, i.e., it has a few modes of operation among which user must switch. (The same keystrokes have different effects in different modes.) The quick reference is below, with the 4 essential commands in red.

    The commands to switch modes:

The key
    Enters the mode     Remarks
<ESC>     command mode     (get back to the command mode from any editing mode)
i     "insert" editing mode     (start inserting before the current position of the cursor)

    DO NOT PRESS ANY OTHER KEYES IN THE COMMAND MODE. THERE ARE MORE COMMANDS AND MODES IN THE COMMAND MODE!

    Copying, cutting and pasting (in the command mode):
    v start highlighting text. Then, move the cursor to highlight text
    y copy highlighted text
    x cut highlighted text
    p paste text that has been cut/copied

    Saving and quitting (from the command mode):
    :w write (=save)
    :w filename write the contents to the file "filename"
    :x save and exit
    :q quit (it won't let you if changes not saved)
    :q! quit discarding changes (you will not be prompted if changes not saved)

EXAMPLE

    % vi parse_record.pl

    Starts vi with the default settings and opens file parse_record.pl.

Important: Use the man command (% man) to see how a command is used on your particular computer.