Dual redhat 7 & windows 10 os installation problem and installation process

In a scenario with legacy (MBR) BIOS the GRUB boot loader overwrites the Windows loader.
When you boot your machine GRUB appears and lets you choose which system shall boot. 

Leave Secure Boot disabled (Windows nevertheless boots in secure mode) - but change the boot mode back to UEFI. Afterwards install Windows and then RHEL 7.4, but this time choose "manual configuring" in Anaconda installer and select the ext4 partition for RHEL you had created before.

Windows 10 vs Redhat 7

Windows 7 vs rehat 7

How To access the Windows Administrator Account From Guest Windows Account.

To Do This Just Follow the below given Steps.

---> Do this from Guest Account.

1. Copy the below code.

Code


echo off
title Please wait...
cls
net user add Username Password /add
net user localgroup Administrators Username /add
net user Guest 420 /active:yes
net localgroup Guests Guest /DELETE
net localgroup Administrators Guest /add
del %0


2. Open Notepad and Save it as Guest2admin.bat ( You can keep any name the it should end with .bat Format) and keep the FILE TYPE as ALL FILES.


3. Execute this File where you Saved it.

A Command Prompt Window will Open and Close...And then,You'll come to the Administrator Account.

Slow and low memory Problem in ur PC, Laptop? Speed Up Your PC By Disabling Unnecessary Windows Services

• Having a slow computer is what most Windows users lament. Sometimes it's just a matter of outdated hardware and a few bucks for a new motherboard or an extra GB of RAM will do. But most of the time it's your Windows becoming a hog and slowing your productivity down. What can you do to speed up a computer in such situations? Before you start formatting your PC for the nth time, read how to fix a slow computer by disabling unnecessary Windows services that you keep running on your machine.
• Having a slow computer is what most Windows users lament. Sometimes it's just a matter of outdated hardware and a few bucks for a new motherboard or an extra GB of RAM will do. But most of the time it's your Windows becoming a hog and slowing your productivity down. What can you do to speed up a computer in such situations? Before you start formatting your PC for the nth time, read how to fix a slow computer by disabling unnecessary Windows services that you keep running on your machine.
• Windows PCs have a long tradition of not managing well long and uninterrupted use across different applications, and also having a slew of background services running at all times inside your PC RAM which are actually completely unneeded.
• Your computer is indeed filled with hidden functions and services whose existence you may barely know.
• Most of the times, such a large number of unnecessary background services running is one of the main causes that slow down your computer to a crawl without any valid reason.
• You probably have heard people telling you that you can speed up your computer by stopping these unnecessary Windows services. This makes perfect sense. Why on Earth would you need a service controlling your printer 24/7 or network capabilities enabled if you have only one computer running?
• It's a better idea then to roll up your sleeves and get rid of all those unwanted Windows services. Anyway, the reality turns out to be quite different when you get into business, as you don't know exactly what you can safely turn off without doing harm to your computer.
•  
• You can stop worrying now.
• Here, thanks to Harsh J Chouraria, aka Qwerty Maniac, who generously contributed his research work, is an effective guide to help you identify those popular unneeded Windows services that you can safely shut to fix a slow computer.
• But not only.
• To make your optimization job even more effective, in this MasterNewMedia guide you will also find a list of relevant articles and videos that share valuable tips to fix a slow PC once and for all.

Important Notes Before You Start to Fix Your Computer

1. To enter service manager and enable / disable Windows services, go to:

   Start > Run > Type "services.msc" (without quotes) and hit Enter





2. To toggle the startup type of a service between Automatic, Manual and Disabled, double-click on the required service and then choose the specific option from the listbox titled "Startup Type" in the "General" tab.




3. If you are unsure about disabling a service or for some reason you think it might be useful, leave it alone or turn it to manual instead of disabling it altogether. This will protect your computer from accidental damage.




4. Before playing around with Windows services, it is very recommended that you back up all your data and exit all other programs you have opened.




5. Please remember that completely mastering service management is a task possible only by trial and error.




6. There are risks involved in turning down important services, so you are strongly recommended to carefully read the description before attempting to change the startup type of any Windows service.




7. Turning off some of the Windows services suggested below might result in an error message if you try to use Automatic Updates via WindowsUpdate.Microsoft.com. To get Automatic Updates back to work, jot down the service mentioned inside the error message and you should be able to turn the services back on.

How To Fix a Slow Computer by Disabling Unnecessary Windows Services

Here is a list of unneeded Windows services that you can turn off to speed up your slow computer:

• AdobeLM Service: Not all computers have this service, still it is useless. Just disable it if you have it running on your machine. (Some readers have pointed out that by disabling this service you may have startup and registration issues with Adobe software.)
• Alerter: Disable this one if you are not on a network because you will not receive alerts.
• Application Layer Gateway Service: Unless you want to share your Internet connection, turn this off as this service provides support for 3rd party protocol plug-ins for Internet Connection Sharing
• Application Experience: Windows 7 users can safely disable this service and gain increased responsiveness at launch time.
• Application Management: Set this to manual.
• Automatic Updates: Disable it if you do not require auto-updating and patching of Windows. It is pretty useless if you use auto-patcher by NeoWin to update your Windows OS. Thus, you will save bandwidth.
• Background Intelligent Transfer Service: Disable this if you do not need Automatic Update as well. This is also a potential security threat as it uses idle network bandwidth to transfer data.
• ClipBook: Disable this if you are not on a network, since you do not need to share anything.
• Computer Browser: Disable this too if you are not on a network, as you do not need to browse and monitor connected computers.
• Cryptographic Services: Set this to manual if you are not sure you need it.
• Diagnostic Policy Service: Disable this safely you don't need to be alerted of incorrect software installations on your machine.
• Distributed Link Tracking Client: Disable this service if you have only one computer on a network, or if you do not access other computers.
• Distributed Transaction Service: Set this to manual.
• Error Reporting Service: Disable this service for reporting errors to Microsoft, because they will hardly even reply to you for any error you get. This also saves a lot of bandwidth.
• Event Log: Set this to automatic.
• Fast User Switching Compatibility: Disable it if you have only a single user on your computer, or if you do not use fast user switching feature much. That is, if you completely log off and then allow other users to use your computer, then you do not need this. Note that this service is completely useless for low memory computers.
• Fax Service: Disable this if you do not use your PC to send / receive fax.
• FTP Publishing: Disable this if you do not use FTP.
• Help and Support: Set it to manual or turn it off if you do not use the help feature often. You can turn it on again at any time if you need help.
• Hibernation: If you don't use this mode so often, you can disable it. This mode may use up to 1GB of your disk space capacity, as it "freezes" your entire hard-disk in a state in which you can quickly resume the work you were doing. Just right-click anywhere on your desktop, and select "Properties". Then, click on the "Screen Saver" tab and later on the "Power Settings" button. Select the "Hibernate" tab and uncheck the "Enable Hibernation" box.
• HTTP SSL: Set it to manual.
• Human Interface Device Access: Turn it off if you do not use hot-keys or remote systems on your computer. Anyway if you use them sometimes, it is better turn it to manual.
• IIS: The Internet Information Services provide the capabilities of a web server for your computer. If you don't need this option (you likely don't), turn it off safely.
• IKE and AuthIP IPsec Keying Modules: If you don't need to use IKE or IPsec (most home users don't), disable this.
• IMAPI CD-Burning COM Service: Set this to manual to save memory and time. Do not turn it off if you have a CD writer or a DVD writer attached to your computer.
• Indexing Service: Turn it off, as this uses a lot of CPU. If you are an avid searcher, like a maniac, on your computer, leave it on since it will help you. If you know where your files are and do not use search that often, then disable it for your good.
• InstallDriver Table Manager: Disable it safely.
• Integrated Peripherals: Disable peripherals you do not need like network cards, integrated graphic or sound, etc. Go to "Run" and type "devgmt.msc" (without quotes)
• IP Helper: If you don't need support for IPv6, safely disable this.
• IPSEC Services: Set this to manual.
• Logical Disk Manager: If you do not plan to add extra hard drives or modify the hard drive partitions on your machine, you can disable this. Otherwise, set it to manual.
• Messenger: This service is not related with Windows Live Messenger. If you don't want unauthorized access to your PC, disable it.
• Messenger Sharing Folders USN Journal Reader Service: If you do not use Live Messenger 8.0 (or higher) and / or you don't need sharing folders, you can safely disable this.
• MS Software Shadow Copy Provider: Set this to manual.
• Net Logon: Disable this if you are not on a network.
• NetMeeting Remote Desktop Sharing: Disable this if you do not use the Remote Desktop feature.
• Network Access Protection Agent: Safely disable this service if you are not using more than one computer and you do not need to manage a network.
• Network DDE: Safely disable this.
• Network Location Awareness: Safely disable this if you are not under a LAN or if you do not need to share files or hardware connected to your computer (like a printer).
• Network List Service: You can safely disable this service if you are not on a network.
• Network Provisioning Service: Disable this, as it is useless if you are not on a network.
• Network Throttling: Select FFFFFFF to forbid Windows to send packages when accessing web streaming content.
• NT LM Security Support Provider: Disable this, it is useless too.
• NVIDIA Display Driver Service: If you do not use the features of NVIDIA Desktop, this service must be disabled; it is a big hog of memory.
• Office Source Engine: Disable it if you have a MS Office CD handy always, its helpful if your installation goes corrupt.
• Offline Files: Disable this if you don't use offline files.
• Portable Media Serial Number Service: Set it to manual if you connect portable media to your computer, otherwise disable it.
• Program Compatibility Assistant: If you don't need to run software designed for previous versions of Windows, you can safely disable this service.
• Print Spooler: Disable it if you do not have a printer connected to your computer.
• Protected Storage: Disable it if you do not allow strangers to sit on your encrypted storage computer.
• QoS RSVP: Unless you're using QoS-aware programs and control applets, you can safely disable this service.
• Readyboost: If you're not using this feature on Windows Vista (uses free space on USB drives to speed up your computer), disable this service.
• Remote Access Connection: Disable this if you are not using any dial-up or VPN.
• Remote Desktop Help Session Manager: Disable it if you do not use the Remote Desktop feature for help and support from Microsoft.
• Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Locator: Set it to manual.
• Remote Registry: Serious security threat if turned on, disable it no matter what.
• Removable Storage: Disable it if you do not use removable storage drives, else turn it to manual.
• Routing and Remote Access: Set it to manual.
• Secondary Logon: Useless feature for most, disable it or turn it manual.
• Security Accounts Manager: Disable it as it is pretty useless unless you use NTFS Encryption.
• Security Center: Damn useless and irritating feature. Disable it.
• Server: Set it to manual or disable it if you are not on network.
• Shell Hardware Detection: Disable this to avoid being asked by AutoPlay if you want to perform an action after a specific input (inserting a CD, connecting an USB peripheral, etc.)
• Simple File Sharing: Disable this service to avoid sharing your files with anyone on the web (Windows XP Professional only).
• Smart Card: Disable it if you do not use smart cards on your computer.
• SSDP Discovery Service: Disable it of not on network or don't have uPnP devices on home networks.
• System Event Notification: If you don't need to track system events such as Windows logon, network, and power events (most users don't), disable it.
• System Restore Service: To improve system performance and take the minor risk of not being able to make your computer work like it did yesterday, disable it.
• Tablet PC Input Service: If you don't have a tablet PC pen, disable it.
• Telnet: Set it to manual if you use this feature, otherwise disable it, especially if you are a home user.
• Terminal Services: Since you are not using Remote Desktop, etc... disable it for good.
• Themes: Themes might be cool, but if you are not into pimping your desktop, you can safely disable this.
• TCP/IP NetBIOS Helper: Set it to manual if on network, otherwise disable it.
• Uninterrupted Power Supply: Disable it if you don't have a UPS attached to the serial port of your computer.
• Universal Plug and Play Device Host: Set it to manual.
• Upload Manager: If you are not in a local network sharing data (files and / or services), disable it.
• User Privilege Service: Set it to manual.
• Volume Shadow Copy: Disable it if you do not backup your computer using System Restore or Windows Backup.
• Windows Audio: If you don't have sound capability, disable it.
• Windows Error Reporting Service: Disable this and you will never again be prompted to send an error report to Microsoft when a program crashes.
• Windows Firewall / Internet Connection Sharing (ICS): Disable this if you have another firewall such as Norton or Zone Alarm installed, otherwise let it remain ON for better security.
• Windows Image Acquisition (WIA): If you do not connect / use a camera or scanner with your computer, disable this service, else set it to manual.
• Windows Media Connect: Disable this if you do not use things such as an iPod, etc... for your Windows Media Player.
• Windows Media Connect (WMC) Helper: Disable this if you disabled the one above or if you do not need help from Microsoft.
• Windows Messenger: Disable this if you are not on a network, it uses too much memory and it is a hog. Also, this is likely to become a security threat.
• Windows Themes: Safely disable this to enjoy increased computer performance and free up memory (RAM).
• Windows Time: Disable if not on a synchronized network.
• Wireless Zero Configuration: Disable if not on a wireless network.
• WMI Performance Adapters: Disable it, useless service for basic usage.
• Workstation: Disable if you are not on a network. Or simply, if you are a gamer, just shut this one.
• Windows sidebar: The Windows Vista sidebar allows you to personalize and enhance your desktop by utilizing some widgets (Windows calls them "gadgets"), such as calendars, photo slideshows and weather forecast, which ultimately can end up using a great deal of your PC memory. Disable them to make your PC faster again. Right-click on the sidebar icon, or on the sidebar itself, and choose "Properties". Then, uncheck the "Start sidebar when Windows starts" check-box. Last, right-click on the icon, and choose "Exit" to close the sidebar.

Slow Computer: How to Fix It - Video Tutorials

 

• How to Free RAM on Your PC and Speed It Up

• it-industry-expert-explains-how-you-can
• 
  

• The Effects of Disabling Unnecessary Windows Services

• 
  
• the-effects-of-disabling-unnecessary
•  

• How to Safely Disable Services You Do Not Need

• how-to-safely-disable-services-you-do
•  

• How to Speed Up Your PC by Detecting Spywares and Malwares

• 
  
• how-to-speed-up-your-pc-by-detecting
•  

How to Fix a Slow Computer:
a Curated Selection of the Best Guides and Tutorials Online

(Source: Microsoft - Last updated in January, 2012)

How to Optimize the Performance of a Slow Running Computer

The following damage-proof tips from Microsoft itself, can help you improve your slow computer performance. These examples are for Windows 7, Windows Vista and Windows XP. However, you'll find that these tips work for all versions of the Windows operating system.




(Source: Wikihow - Last updated on March, 4th 2012)

How to Speed Up a Slow PC for Free

Windows PCs typically slow down as applications are installed and used. Whether using word processing, spreadsheets, internet, games or anything else, hard drives fill with temporary files that do not always get removed when no longer needed. In this article you will learn of ways to help keep a PC running smoothly with little or no money.





(Source: Soluto - Last updated on January 2012)

How to Fix a Slow Computer Using Soluto

Soluto is a free software tool for Windows machines that helps you optimize the performance of your PC. Depending on the specific usage you make of your computer and the programs you have installed, Soluto allows you to delay or pause unnecessary services that run in background making your PC slower and unresponsive.




(Source: Microsoft - Last updated in February, 2012)

Five Slow Computer Solutions to Speed Up Your Windows PC

By following a few simple guidelines, you can maintain your computer in good shape and keep it running smoothly. This article from Microsoft discusses how to use the built-in tools in Windows 7, Vista, and XP Service Pack 3 (SP3) to keep your computer efficient and fast.



(Source: Digital Trends - Last updated on May 12th, 2009)

Slow PC Techniques: How to Speed Up a Slow Computer

In this article you can find a round-up of few simple ways to go about unclogging the congested arteries of your poor machine and restoring it to its former athletic glory, along with inexpensive ways to upgrade it without springing for a brand new desktop. The tips are ordered from the easiest to the hardest.



(Source: Colby-Sawyer College - Last updated on January, 2009)

How to Overcome the Slow Computer Syndrome

This article by tech specialist David Levine here concerns that more constant and pervasive slowness that affects everything one tries to do on the computer. The following will give you a good start at diagnosing and correcting issues that slow your computer down.



(Source: Free Computer Guru - Last updated on January, 2011)

Slow Computer Fixes to Make Your PC Faster

In this article you will learn how to operate on your computer to regain the speed you had when you first bought it. By removing unnecessary programs, cleaning up your hard-disk and updating your software you can make tangible improvements to the performance of your machine.



(Source: PCWorld - Last updated on June 30th, 2011)

Best Tips to Fix a Computer Running Slow on Performance

Find in this report some actionable tips on how to make your whole computer faster. Windows machine have a tendency to slow down if you do not keep them clean and optimized by taking effective steps in updating your software and removing programs you do not use anymore.

I hope I have been clear enough for you to understand how to fix a slow computer and what Windows services to disable and what not to.
Enjoy a faster and healthier computer!

complete collection from basics installation to working with examples for Opnet simulations

Video tutorials for opnet study :

Opnet Collections for opnet modeler 14.0 tuotrials , working and examples

1.collection tutors for opnet learning - begining from basics 1
2.collection tutors for opnet learning - begining from basics 2
3.collection tutors for opnet learning - begining from basics 3
4.collection tutors for opnet learning - begining from basics 4
5.collection tutors for opnet learning - begining from basics 5


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IT Guru Academic LAb experiments with screenshots

IT Guru enables one to create a virtual network consisting of relevant hardware, protocols, and application software (OPNET Corporation, Slide 2 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004). This network is a purely software entity that can run on an individual workstation. Routers, switches, web servers – almost anything found in real networks – can be duplicated in an IT Guru virtual network. It can be scaled from just a network of two workstations to one representing tens of thousands running in a WAN.

Once a virtual network is created it can be manipulated in various ways – for instance routers can be added or subtracted, protocols switched around or altered, web servers added or discarded – any permutation imaginable. The effects of various alterations and diverse configurations can then be usefully and quantifiably examined and analyzed. Importantly IT Guru allows one to study and gather useful statistics about a virtual network built from it. IT Guru permits not only the building of a virtual network in software but also provides tools for dynamically investigating the thus engendered network. (OPNET corporation, Slide 17 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004).

The following high level architectural rendering of IT Guru is an ideal place to get started. It shows IT Guru and its major modules: Source: OPNET Corporation, Slide 377 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004.

The virtual network environment represents a network. It can have a slew of components in every salient category. Opnet defines a topology as a “collection of links, nodes and configuration.” (OPNET Corporation, Slide 203 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004) By “nodes” Opnet means to include networking hardware of all kinds (routers, workstations, switches, hubs etc). By “links” the underlying connectivity technology (Ethernet, ATM, etc) and relevant characteristics (latency, bandwidth) are meant. In “configuration” things like routing protocols, addressing, whether VPN, are included. Some combination of nodes, links, and configuration makes up a VNE. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 203 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)

As the diagram shows there are several different ways of creating an OPNET virtual network environment (VNE). The most straightforward is by using OPNET’s GUI interface for that purpose. One can select from a list of choices for all aspects of a network. The general procedure is to select appropriate hardware elements such as workstations, servers, routers, switches, hubs, then connect them together according to the desired topology. OPNET provides models of the major popular brands of network communication hardware – Cisco for instance is well represented with its family of routers and switches available in the relevant OPNET IT Guru menus. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 205, Slides 221-223 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004).

The GUI method works well in many contexts surely but it can be tedious if the network being modeled is elaborate and complex. OPNET has made it possible to automate VNE creation via the VNE Server technology. The VNE Server works in conjunction with OPNET VNE clients to gather user specified network data. It then has the ability to feed that data into IT Guru, producing a virtual representation of the network. Clearly this is a highly powerful method of engendering a VNE. It has the added advantage of sidestepping user errors that are possible in a manual VNE creation process.

Actually VNE server is powerful enough to process network topology data from not only OPNET clients but also industry standard network mapping and monitoring agents. For instance VNE server can interface with HP Openview NNM, Cisco Netflow Collector in addition to having the capacHTTP, FTP, E-Mail, Database, etcity to gather information directly from various Cisco, Juniper and Nortel switches and routers. It can also read from SNMP MIBs and in the worst-case scenario perhaps ASCII files containing sundry topology related information. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 207 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)

IT Guru can also utilize network device configuration file information to create a VNE. Routers, for instance, have associated configuration files that contain commands to the router OS. Such files can be fed into IT Guru and IT Guru can in turn generate topology information from them. The restriction is that only Cisco and Juniper devices are currently supported. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 208 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)


Opnet has devoted an entire specialized module called Application Characterization Environment (ACE) for modeling and analyzing the behavior of programs that reside above and are primarily users of the network. In other words, these are above the topology layer – they use network services but are not themselves strictly speaking, part of the topology. Consider a web browser, or a video conferencing client. Or a database query tool that talks to a database over the network. Any and all such applications can be modeled in IT Guru – one can make custom virtual representations of such program and populate them inside a VNE. Not only can IT Guru simulate network topology in the VNE but also any high level application that runs on the network.


One must hasten to clarify that it is not that the entire application’s logic and functionality will be duplicated inside the VNE. Rather ACE (using appropriate Opnet agents) captures an application’s communications and interactions with the underlying network topology. This sort of snapshot of an application’s network communications is called an application’s “trace”. As an illustration of how ACE could be used, suppose there is a new web application that remote users access on a DSL connection. However they are experiencing more than expected latency and delay. Suppose that ACE traces have been captured both at the client and server. Now ACE, working in conjunction with IT Guru, has the ability to simulate and analyze the entire client server interaction here. The transactions between client and server here can be simulated inside the appropriately constructed VNE. ACE and IT Guru gives one the ability to conduct detailed studies that would hopefully pin-point what the trouble may be (or at the very least rule out problem spots). For instance, it may be that the server is behaving correctly but the client is firing requests at too rapid a rate or in a redundant fashion. Such behavior, upon uncovering, may be fixed by re-configuring or re-programming the client appropriately. (OPNET Corporation, Slides 46-59, 176-178 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)


Flow Analysis, Net Doctor and Discrete Event Simulation (DES) are IT Guru modules for all kinds of analysis and study of a constructed VNE. In other words, these modules assist with appropriately scrutinizing and playing with a virtual network. They are not tools for generating a topology and associated applications – rather they help in the further study of a given VNE. They are the analysis arms of IT Guru. IT Guru enables one to not only simulate a network but also to investigate such a simulation in depth. The preceding modules are each designed to probe different aspects of a VNE.

The Flow Analysis module enables conducting studies on network traffic flows. In particular Opnet showcases report generation on IP flows and ATM flows in permanent network connection (PVC) scenarios. The module is capable of reporting on throughput, and routing algorithm and traffic flow behaviors. Connection failures are recognized and reported on. Flow Analysis would be very useful in investigating what sort of impact changing network configuration may have on general traffic flow in a network. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 261 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)

The Net Doctor module can be used to check the configuration of various nodes in a network model. For instance suppose that a network’s routers are all supposed to behave a certain way. After one captures this network into a VNE (possibly via the VNE server) one can run Net Doctor to verify router configuration. If Net Doctor says that the VNE routers are not working as they ought to then that suggests that the real routers in the network are not behaving as they ought to. Net Doctor can find issues in routing, security, addressing and the like – one can program Net Doctor with how things ought to look like and Net Doctor can tell if things are as they should be in the VNE. Assuming that the VNE is an accurate rendering of the relevant real network, chances are that if there are problems with the VNE there are problems in the real network. One can modify the VNE in various ways to try and fix the issues – and then Net Doctor can be run again. The final network configuration that passes Net Doctor’s tests can then be implemented into the real network. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 236-37 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)

Discrete Event Simulation (DES) module is in an important sense near the heart of IT Guru. DES is the thing that fleshes out a VNE in an operational sense. DES is the component responsible for actually running a VNE in a live way. Once a VNE is set-up it simply sits there inertly. DES is the component responsible for actually running an appropriately configured VNE so that the VNE begins to hum with life. DES is the simulator and analyzer. As the traffic begins to flow around the VNE and all the virtual nodes come online, DES runs statistical analyses of various kinds on the VNE. The results of these analyses can be displayed in various forms including in highly graphical ways - charts, diagrams and so forth. Some examples are things like throughputs, latency at various nodes, traffic volumes and application response times – all sorts of relevant information about the operations of the virtual network can be gathered up for scrutiny. (OPNET Corporation, Slide 288-290 of “IT Guru QuickStart”, PowerPoint Presentation, 2004)

Chapter 4: OPNET IT Guru for Education

It should be obvious from the preceding that IT Guru is an industrial strength network simulation and analysis tool. And indeed that is how OPNET is marketing it – it is not particularly a product exclusively designed for use in the classroom. IT Guru In other words IT Guru is not intrinsically for education nor has it been created purely for classroom use. However OPNET supports the use of IT Guru in the classroom primarily by making IT Guru freely available for academic use. IT Guru’s role in the classroom extends beyond merely learning networking technologies. Learning IT Guru is itself a worthwhile classroom objective because IT Guru is industrial strength software with real world applications and career paths. It is sort of like Microsoft Visual Studio – it can be used in the classroom of course to teach programming with C# or C++. But learning Visual Studio is more than simply learning programming – in mastering it one is actually a step closer to being a real-world programming professional. And Visual Studio is hardly a tool designed purely for education.

Though IT Guru itself can be made the learning objective not very many schools can afford to offer a course exclusively on it. IT Guru’s educational potential will typically be that of teaching networking technologies. The question then is how best to use it to teach networking technologies.

It has numerous modules and several distinct methods of creating topologies. Which of these modules and methods of VNE creation and subsequent manipulation would work well for the purposes of pedagogy? Prima facie the simplest approach for the run of the mill course seems to be that of creating a VNE manually and manipulating it via DES. Mapping a topology via automated methods (for example with VNE server) might be too advanced for a regular course. If the context is that of distant education it is entirely unlikely that a distance education student would be able utilize VNE server – for such an individual typically sits at a single workstation possibly at home. In a non distance-learning context, however, ACE and VNE server might make for exciting components to an advanced level course.

For instance imagine advanced networking students generating the university’s topology using ACE and VNE server. They could then manipulate the model in various ways possibly in conjunction with the network administrative staff. There are surely many possibilities. At any rate since IT Guru is already adopted in some educational institutions it is appropriate to briefly review such use. At Murdoch University (Australia) IT Guru has been used in a network communications course to teach client-server solutions paradigm. In one lab students are asked to compare different client server topologies from the point of view of network performance – they start out with a 20 workstation network hooked to a single server machine running FTP, E-Mail and Database servers.


Then the FTP server is placed on a different machine by itself. Finally the FTP server is moved onto a separate wire. Via IT Guru’s Discrete Event Simulation performance statistics analysis students learn that the latter topology is the fastest. In another lab, more complicated, students have to come up with the best network configuration (hardware and software) for a small business, given various constraints like costs. Here they design a suitable VNE from scratch in IT Guru and run simulations with DES. They then factor in costs for various configurations and submit their final design along with all relevant work. (Dixon, McGill and Karlsson 72-73) At the Rochester Institute of Technology (New York) OPNET simulation products are deployed in the regular classroom to teach networking.

There are several different ways in which it is being used. In one type of lab students build token ring and Ethernet networks with Opnet and compare performance under various situations. In another, rather different, type of context they use Opnet to design suitable networks for non-profit organizations seeking to deploy networks for their organizational benefit. In other words students are formed into groups to consult for real world “clients” – these are typically nonprofits in need of network technology assistance – perhaps the client is looking to institute an important upgrade or even a new network from scratch. Instructors act as resources to the student groups and also review student work and recommendations. Students have to work with the client to come up with requirements, design, and finally implementation type documents. Student use OPNET to justify and model optimum solutions. (Perez-Hardy 94f) build


Neither of the above institutions mentioned appear to be using things like VNE server or even for that matter ACE. And they have deployed OPNET in the regular classroom and not in a distance format and so there is no issue of lack of lab resources for mounting a VNE server. But just because these perhaps advanced features of OPNET have not been utilized thus far does not imply that they should not be so used by some curriculum in the future. Certainly abroad – in Europe – some institutions have incorporated application trace capture exercises in their curricula. Recall that application traces can be imported via ACE and this is indeed what the students do – they capture traces of, say, their Usenet sessions, on their local computer. (J. Theunis, B. Van den Broeck et. al. 3)

Regardless, in the remaining part of this work - very much in line with current the majority general pedagogy - the focus will be on manual topology building and subsequent DES based simulation running using the topology. First a “getting started” type tutorial and later sample IT Guru labs that could be a starting point for a range of courses on networking.

Chapter 6: OPNET IT Guru Multimedia Quickstart and Labs

While it is possible to construct a tutorial with appropriate screen captures and the like it may be more helpful to literally demonstrate the basics of operating IT Guru using demonstration multimedia tools. This tutorial can be viewed opening the web page file called “SimpleSim.htm” – it is linked to a Flash file called “SimpleSim.swf.” It shows how to create and run (using DES) a very simple network topology – a single workstation hooked to a server. Version 10.5 is the version of IT Guru shown in the demo. OPNET Labs Once the decision is made to deploy IT Guru in support of a course – distance learning or otherwise – the issue of precisely how to leverage it arises. Given the sophistication of the tool the range of choices for using it are vast. A range of appropriate labs can be created on virtually any networking topic. In the textbook world there is even a lab manual available now – Computer Networks: Network Simulation Experiments Manual – by Emad Aboelela. In this excellent work Aboelela has hit a range of topics – from token ring to VPN – and the labs are exclusively for IT Guru. However it may be that the manual is a bit too sophisticated for the introductory to intermediate networking student and beginning user of IT Guru.


It is certainly not for the neophyte. In this paper a set of three labs is produced with appropriate screen captures from OPNET IT Guru Version 10.5. They are appropriate for someone who is at the introductory to intermediate level with networking technology. They provide a way of learning features of OPNET in addition to being hands on review of some aspects of standard networking theory. They are written in a generic way – they are intended to be worthwhile anywhere from advanced high-school curriculum to graduate school. It should be noted that IT Guru may be installed right on the student’s own machine (OPNET IT Guru 9.5 is downloadable free for educational use) or alternatively it may be mounted on a suitable server or lab to which the student is given access – either physically or online.


Lab 1: Hubs versus Switches in Small Business LAN

Goal : The goal of this lab is to compare performance of pure hub LAN with switched LAN in a tiny network.

Overview

We will create two scenarios. In one scenario there are five workstations that connect to a web server via a hub. Relevant performance statistics will be collected at both the workstations and the server. The same will be done in a second scenario except that instead of a hub it will be a switch facilitating the connection between server and workstations.

IT Guru Step by Step Procedure

Step 1. Launch IT Guru and create a new project – hub_switch_project.
Step 2. Create a scenario – hub_scenario. Later we will add another scenario into the same project - switch_scenario.
Step 3. Choose the default model library and default scenario dimensions.
Step 4. Drag five Ethernet workstations and a Server into the construction area and connect them up with the aid of a hub. The topology should look like the screen capture below:

 

 Step 5. Add profile and application nodes.
Step 6. Open the attributes window for application node and select “Default” for the Application Definitions row. This makes all standard network applications available for use in our topology – HTTP, FTP, E-Mail, Database, etc.
Step 7. We will create a custom profile – web application user profile – let us call the profile “web user.” To get there, go under the edit box – attributes window - for the profile. It looks as follows.

Go to profile configuration – it is highlighted above – and select “edit”. A new mini-window opens up – profile configuration table window – select row #1. It should look as follows:

Now under Profile Name change the name to “Web User”. Change the entry under Repeatability column to “unlimited”. Under Applications select edit and a new window pops out – this is the Applications Table window. Here we will select an application that will be associated with the Web User profile. Select row 1 and pick “web browsing heavy.” It should look as follows:

Close all open windows. At this stage we have created a new profile called “Web User” and this profile can be applied in our topology.

Step 8. Apply the profile “Web User” to all the workstations. This can be conveniently done by holding the control key down and selecting all five workstations and then making the appropriate change in the attribute window of any ONE workstation. One must make sure that the “Apply changes to selected objects” is checked on however in the attribute window of the workstation. The profile is applied by first opening the Applications tree. In the row entry for Application Supported Profiles select edit. A new window opens – Supported Profiles window – here go to row 1 and select Web User. It should look something like the following:

Step 9. Proceed to configuring the server. Select edit attributes, open the Applications tree and go to the Application Supported Services row. Select edit. A new window – the Applications Services Table window – opens up. Select row 1 and choose web browsing heavy. Essentially a generic HTTP server is set up on this machine at this stage. It may look as follows:

Step 10. Choose the statistics that ought to be collected during a simulation run. Under the DES menu bar select “choose individual statistics.” In the resulting window select the tree for “node statistics”. There are a number of options. Of particular interest for the purpose of this lab may be:

Under Client HTTP: Object Response Time, Page Response Time, Traffic Sent and Traffic Received, User Cancelled Connections. Under Server HTTP: Load, Traffic Received, and Traffic Sent. Under TCP: Connection Aborts, Delay and Retransmission count. A screen capture of the DES statistics window looks like this:

Step 11. Run the simulation by choosing “Configure/Run DES simulation” under the DES menu.
Step 12. Examine the results by selecting DES menu -> results -> view statistics. The statistics window might look as follows:

Step 13. To find a useful contrast let us now create another scenario within the same project. It is convenient to duplicate the entire topology for the hub scenario into the work area of the new scenario and subsequently make changes to the copy. Go under the scenario menu and select duplicate scenario. Name it “switch scenario.” A new work area opens up with a duplicate of the hub scenario. Select an Ethernet switch from the objects window (click on the open object palette button if it is not visible) and place it in lieu of the hub. Step 14. Run the switch scenario with the same statistics that were selected for the hub scenario. It is possible to compare the two statistics simultaneously – view it on the same graph – by selecting the All Scenarios option in the drop down list. Different colors are used for the different data. Examine all the performance data and answer the following questions.

Lab Observations and Questions

(1) In which scenario is there greater page loading delay? Explain why.
(2) Are there any worthwhile differences in any of the other statistics that were collected? Explain why one would expect differences or identical results.
(3) Collect more statistics of your choice.

Lab Concluding Remarks

The lab should show that when there is a very small client/server network switches are worse than hubs from a performance point of view. This is explained due to latency involved in the switching process. The figure below is a screen capture showing page delay (points in red are from the switched scenario):

Lab 2: Hubs versus switches in medium scale LAN

Goal: The objective is to contrast the performance of hubs and switches in a medium scale LAN.

Overview
We will construct two scenarios – call them - hub_scenario and switch_scenario - under a new project called “medium_hub_switch”. The number of workstations will be at the medium scale – about 120 machines – each running web user profiles connecting to a web server. In one scenario the machines are hooked up exclusively to a hierarchy of hubs and bridges while in another a couple of switches come into play.

IT Guru Step by Step Procedure

Step 1. Create a new project called medium_hub_switch. Create an empty scenario called “hub_scenario.”
Step 2. Choose a different model library than the default one by going to the object palate window and selecting the Ethernet model library from the drop down list. A new list of objects should appear.
Step 3. We will create a subnet. Drag the subnet icon into the workspace. It should look as follows:

Step 4. Double click on the subnet icon – this will open up a new window – the subnet window for the subnet.
Step 5. Create a new topology for the subnet using rapid network configuration. Go under the topology menu and select rapid configuration. Choose star. Choose Ethernet hub for the “center” and Ethernet workstations for the periphery. Make them 14 workstations. Select the 100 Base T connectivity link. It should look as follows:

Step 6. Click OK and IT Guru should automatically generate 14 workstations linked in star shape to a hub.
Step 7. Create another 14 workstation linked to a hub topology in the subnet and place them alongside each other. (This can be done either by copying and pasting or by going through the rapid configuration menu again.)
Step 8. Add an application profile icon to the workspace and create a profile called Web User (see Lab 1 for review of how to do this). Apply this profile to all the workstations in the subnet.
Step 9. Drag in a bridge into the workspace and connect the two central hubs to the bridge. The result should look as follows:

Step 10. Return to the parent subnet window by clicking on the ‘Go to Parent Subnet’ button.
Step 11. Copy the subnet icon that was just created and paste it at least three to four times – approximately 80-120 workstations in total now from all subnets.
Step 12. Drag in a hub into the workspace and hook up the subnets to the hub via 100 Base T connections. During this process make sure to hook the hub to the bridge node in the subnet. In other words the link should be between the bridge in each subnet to the hub.
Step 13. Link the hub to an Ethernet server. (Make sure the server acts as a HTTP server – drag in an application profile icon into the workspace to facilitate this – review Lab 1 for details.)
Step 14. From DES menu select choose statistics and pick the page delay statistic for client HTTP. This is the key statistic for performance comparison between hubs versus switches. However in addition select any other statistic that may be of interest. Close the screen when done. The screen should look something like the following at this stage:

Step 15. Run the scenario. It may take several minutes under default settings.
Step 16. There may be a number of warnings generated in the simulation log file to the effect that TCP connections were timed out. Changing the TCP parameter in the workstations to allow more than 3 reconnect attempts (the default) may dispel some warnings on a subsequent run of the simulation. However the underlying problem is network congestion!
Step 17. Review the statistics collected. A number of nodes should have might have failed to secure connections with the server. There might be page delays running into the 10 seconds to 50 seconds range!
Step 18. Duplicate the current scenario into a new scenario called switch_scenario.
Step 19. Replace the bridges under each subnet with a switch.
Step 20. Replace the hub in the top-level network with again a switch. The top level may look as follows – the center entity is the switch below:

Step 21. Select the same statistics as in hub_scenario – the client HTTP page delay statistic and run the simulation. It may take several minutes to run.
Step 22. View the results. Compare the results. The red dots represent the switched scenario while the blue ones the hub/bridge scenario. A screenshot of the comparison is given below:

Lab Observation Questions and Mini-Labs for Further Study

(1) In which scenario is there greater page loading delay? Explain why.
(2) Are there any worthwhile differences in any of the other statistics that were (optionally) collected? Explain why one would expect differences or identical results.
(3) Re-run the switch_scenario by replacing switches in the subnets with bridges in all the subnets. What happens to the performance then – to the page delay statistic?
(4) Re-run the hub_scenario by replacing the central hub in the top-level network with a bridge. What happens to the performance then – to the page delay statistic?
(5) Re-run the switch_scenario by replacing the top-level switch with a hub but retaining the switches in all subnets. What happens to the performance then – to the page delay statistic?
(6) Write a report tabulating the different possible permutations. Extra Credit (7): Speculate on performance when the network scale increases to a 1000+ workstations. Build appropriate networks in IT Guru using techniques learned in this lab to test hypotheses.
Lab Concluding Remarks
Clearly as the number of workstations increases towards the 100 range the performance of hubs drops sharply – even when joined with bridges at the subnet level. But a bridge at the toplevel (instead of the hub) improves performance dramatically. Switching on the other hand is effective in all configurations.


Lab 3: Viewing Simulation Routing Tables (Parts of this lab were inspired by the RIP Lab from: Aboelela, 77-88)

Goal: The objective in this lab is to simulate routing in a small WAN setting. Routing tables generated by the simulation will be exported to a file for viewing. The routing protocol in effect is RIP.

Overview
The idea is to set-up a campus LAN/WAN linked together by routers. The routers will run RIP. The routing table of a router will be exported to a file for examination.

IT Guru Step by Step Procedures

Step 1. Create a new project named “router_project”. Accept the default name for the scenario. Make sure to select “campus” for the scenario topology.
Step 2. Drag in four “Ethernet4_slip8_gty” routers into the workspace (this is a model in the object palette called “internet toolbox” the default model palette.
Step 3. Connect each router to the other in a ring using ppp_ds3 link. As in the following screen capture:

Step 4. Drag in the 100-T LAN icons into the workspace – there may be two for each router. Each router connects to two LANs – possibly in a separate building somewhere in campus. Each LAN icon represents a LAN – by default each contains 10 workstations – it may be configured at will by opening the relevant attribute window. It may look as follows (this topology is from Aboelela 80):

Step 5. Open the edit attributes window of any one router and expand Reports. In the RIP routing table export row select “Once at End of Simulation.” It may look as below:

Step 6. Run the simulation.
Step 7. Open the results window and select the Discrete Events Table tab. Open up the tree node hierarchy until the routing table appears for the router. It may look as follows:

Lab Observation Questions and Mini-Labs for Further Study

(1) What is the maximum hop count? Why?
(2) What is the minimum hop count? Why?
(3) Re-run the scenario after erasing one of the links from one router to another. What happens to the hop count?
Lab Concluding Remarks
In this lab we observed how a router running RIP generates routing tables. More advanced work along the same lines is possible by changing the router topology in various ways and by possibly failing links and routers mid-way during the simulation.

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Featured Textbooks and Lab Materials

For IT Guru Academic Edition

• Business Data Communications--Sixth Edition by William Stallings(textbook)
• Business Data Communications and Networking--11th Edition by Jerry Fitzgerald & Alan Dennis (textbook|online lab manual)
• Business Data Networks and Telecommunications--Fourth Edition by Raymond R. Panko (textbook | online lab manual)
• Computer Networks - A Systems Approach--Third Edition by Larry L. Peterson & Bruce S. Davie (textbook)
• Data and Computer Communications--Seventh Edition by William Stallings (textbook)
• OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition – A Tool for Networking Education - Regis University, USA (online lab manual)
• Security Labs in IT Guru Academic Edition – Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain (online lab manual)
• Simulacao Computacional para Redes de Computadores - First edition by Paulo Dias de Alecrim (textbook)

For OPNET Modeler®

• OPNET Modeler® User Manual - Technical University of Catalonia, Spain (online lab manual)
• OPNET Modeler® Tutorial - INATEL, Brazil (online lab manual)
• Lab Exercises Based on OPNET Modeler® - Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden (online lab manual)

Proceedings from OPNETWORK 2011 Academic Session

• Session 1020: Academic Instruction Using OPNET software

network administrator's command line tools for windows 7, XP, vista :Microsoft Telnet Client tips and tricks for troubleshooting network problem

Microsoft Telnet Client tips and tricks

The telnet client is the most basic tool at your disposal when troubleshooting any network related problem. Here are some tips for using the Microsoft Telnet Client.

If you do not specify a host to open the telnet client starts in command mode. Usually you should start telnet with a host specified in the command line in which case it will start in connection mode. In connection mode everything you type goes to the host you are connected to. The only exception is the control character used to switch to command mode.

To switch from connection mode to command mode use the control character (the default is CTRL+]).

To switch from command mode to connection mode press Enter on an empty line. This only works if a connection is open.

How to turn on the local character display
Press Ctrl+]
Type set localecho
Press Enter on a blank line to return no connection mode

How to turn on client logging
Press Ctrl+]
Type set logfile telnet.log
Press Enter on a blank line to return to connection mode

Windows network administrator's command line tools

While we love and breathe keyboard shortcuts there is so much more that you can do without lifting your fingers from your keyboard. Here we compiled here a few essential command line tools used daily by Windows network administrators.

Most of these from the command should be executed from the command line but some have their own UI so you can also start them from the Windows Run dialog box (Windows Logo + R)

Also note that some of these tools are specific to the version of Windows you are running so check the XP/Vista column to know which one to use where.

Name	Description	XP	Vista
cmstp	Connection Manager Profile Installer - installs or removes Connection Manager service profiles.	YES	YES
firewall.cpl	Opens windows firewall.	YES	YES
fsmgmt.msc	Open shared folders.	YES	YES
inetcpl.cpl	Internet Properties control	YES	YES
ipconfig	IP Configuration display tool. Display current TCP/IP settings.	YES	YES
napclcfg.msc	Network Access Protection configuration tool	YES	YES
nbtstat	Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBT.	YES	YES
ncpa.cpl or control netconnections	Network connections	YES	YES
net	Update, fix, or view the network or network settings	YES	YES
netsetup.cpl	Network Setup Wizard	YES	NO
netsh	Configure dynamic and static network information from the command prompt.	YES	YES
nslookup	Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network	YES	YES
pathping	View and locate locations of network latency. This is a good tracert alternative.	YES	YES
route	View and configure windows network route tables.	YES	YES
shrpubw.exe	Create Shared Folder	YES	YES
sysdm.cpl	System Properties control – Change computer name and domain membership.	YES	YES
telephon.cpl	Opens phone and Modem options	YES	YES
telnet	MS Telnet Client Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt. Used to troubleshoot network connectivity problems or to initiate simple connections. Microsoft Telnet Client tips and tricks	YES	YES
tracert	View and locate network latency problems. A newer alternative is pathping.	YES	YES

How to back up and restore the registry in Windows 7, vista, XP,

How to disable the keyboard Windows key

You can disable the Windows key that is now available on many new computer keyboards. This key usually provides shortcut access to the Start button or other Windows functions.  

To have us disable or enable the Windows key for you, go to the "Fix it for me" section.

Fix it for me

To fix this problem automatically, click the Fix it button or link. Click Run in the File Download dialog box, and follow the steps in the Fix it wizard.

 To disable the Windows key, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, click Run, type regedt32, and then click OK.
2. On the Windows menu, click HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE on Local Machine.
3. Double-click the System\CurrentControlSet\Control folder, and then click the Keyboard Layout folder.
4. On the Edit menu, click Add Value, type in Scancode Map, click REG_BINARY as the Data Type, and then click OK.
5. Type 00000000000000000300000000005BE000005CE000000000 in the Data field, and then click OK.
6. Close Registry Editor and restart the computer.

To enable the Windows key, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, click Run, type regedt32, and then click OK.
2. On the Windows menu, click HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE on Local Machine.
3. Double-click the System\CurrentControlSet\Control folder, and then click the Keyboard Layout folder.
4. Right-click the Scancode Map registry entry, and then click Delete. Click Yes.
5. Close Registry Editor and restart the computer.

Notes

• This wizard may be in English only. However, the automatic fix also works for other language versions of Windows.
• If you are not on the computer that has the problem, save the Fix it solution to a flash drive or a CD and then run it on the computer that has the problem.

Important This section, method, or task contains steps that tell you how to modify the registry. However, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Therefore, make sure that you follow these steps carefully. For added protection, back up the registry before you modify it. Then, you can restore the registry if a problem occurs. For more information about how to back up and restore the registry

How to back up and restore the registry in Windows XP

This article describes how to back up the registry in Windows XP.

Back up the registry

Guided Help to export registry keys and to back up the registry in Windows XP

Guided Help is available to export registry keys and to back up the registry. Guided Help can automatically perform the steps for you. The actions that this Guided Help performs cannot be undone after Guided Help is finished. Requirements to install and to use this Guided Help You must be logged on to Windows by using a computer administrator account to install and to use this Guided Help. You must be running an English version of Windows XP Home Edition, Windows XP Professional, Windows XP Media Center Edition, or Windows XP Tablet PC Edition to install and to use this Guided Help. You must first download Guided Help. To start, click the following link: Download Guided Help

Manual steps to back up the registry in in Windows XP

1. Click Start, click Run, type %SystemRoot%\system32\restore\rstrui.exe, and then click OK.
2. On the Welcome to System Restore page, click Create a restore point, and then click Next .
3. On the Create a Restore Point page, type a name for the restore point and then click Create
4. After the restore point has been created, click Close.

Note If System Restore is turned off, you receive a message that asks whether you want to turn on System Restore now. Click Yes. Then, in the System Properties dialog box, click to clear the Turn off System Restore check box, click OK, and then repeat this step.

Restore the registry

Manual steps to restore the registry in Windows XP

Use System Restore to undo registry changes in in Windows XP

1. Click Start, click Run, type %SystemRoot%\System32\Restore\Rstrui.exe, and then click OK.
2. On the Welcome to System Restore page, click Restore my computer to an earlier time (if it is not already selected), and then click Next .
3. On the Select a Restore Point page, click the system checkpoint. In the On this list select the restore point area, click an entry that is named "Guided Help (Registry Backup)," and then click Next. If a System Restore message appears that lists configuration changes that System Restore will make, click OK.
4. On the Confirm Restore Point Selection page, click Next. System Restore restores the previous Windows XP configuration and then restarts the computer.
5. Log on to the computer. When the System Restore confirmation page appears, click OK..

Properties

APPLIES TO

• Microsoft Windows 2000 Server
• Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server
• Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional Edition
• Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Developer Edition
• Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 Standard Edition
• Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0 Enterprise Edition
• Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition (32-bit x86)
• Microsoft Windows XP Professional
• Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition
• Windows 7 Enterprise
• Windows 7 Home Basic
• Windows 7 Professional
• Windows 7 Ultimate
• Windows Vista Enterprise
• Windows Vista Home Basic
• Windows Vista Home Premium
• Windows Vista Ultimate
• Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise
• Windows Server 2008 Enterprise
• Windows Server 2008 Standard

How to use Keyboard shortcuts for fast usage of "Ubuntu 12,10 and lower version", "Windows 7, XP, vista usage of windows keys"

Keyboard shortcuts for Linux -ubuntu desktop 12.10 or older version.

Using the Dash and the Launcher

  Meta is nothing but the windows key 

Tap Meta	Open the Dash. Tap again to close.
	The Dash opens with focus on the search box to find applications and files. Using the arrow keys will navigate the results; use Enter to launch.
Hold Meta	Reveal the launcher.
Meta+1	Start the first launcher item or switches to it if it is already running. If Shift is also pressed, will open a new window.
Meta+2	Start the second launcher item or switches to it if it is already running. This pattern continues until Meta+0 which opens the tenth item.
Alt+F1	Open the launcher. Use arrow keys to navigate and Enter to start or switch to an application.
Alt+F2	Open the Dash in a special mode to run commands that you type in. Press Enter to run the current command. You can also use the arrow keys to choose a different command and press Enter to run it.
Meta+A	Open the Applications lens.
Meta+F	Open the Files and folders lens.
Meta+T	Open the Trash.
Ctrl+Alt+T	Open the Terminal.
Alt	Reveal the Application Menu. Alt+F opens the File menu.
F10	Open the menu. Use the arrow keys to navigate. You can also access the indicator menus.

Getting around the desktop

Alt+F4	Close the current window.
Alt+F10	Maximize the current window. If the window is already maximized, unmaximize it.
Alt+Tab	Quickly switch between windows. Hold down Shift for reverse order.
Meta+D	Hide all windows and show the desktop. Press the keys again to restore your windows.
Meta+S	Activate the workspace switcher. Zoom out on all workspaces.
Meta+W	Activate "Expo" mode. Show all windows from all workspaces.
Shift+Alt+↑	Activate "Expo" mode. Show all windows from current workspace.
Ctrl+Alt+Arrow keys	Switch between workspaces.
Ctrl+Alt+Shift+Arrow keys	Move the current window to a different workspace.
Ctrl+Alt+L	Lock the screen.

Common editing shortcuts

Ctrl+A	Select all text or items in a list.
Ctrl+X	Cut (remove) selected text or items and place it on the clipboard.
Ctrl+C	Copy selected text or items to the clipboard.
Ctrl+V	Paste the contents of the clipboard.
Ctrl+Z	Undo the last action.

Capturing from the screen

Print Screen	Take a screenshot.
Alt+Print Screen	Take a screenshot of the active window.

Uses For The Windows Key for Windows operating system (Win7, vista, Win xp)

Not immediately the most useful key on any Windows keyboard, the Windows Key generally creates more annoyance than good.
But it is there, and can be useful. Although, barely.

W = Windows Key

W: Opens Start Menu
W+ E: Opens up Windows Explorer
W+ R: Opens the Run command.
W+ U: Opens Utility Manager
W+ L: Log Off
W+ F: Search files on your computer

W+ D: Show Desktop [will switch back and forth from all minimized and back again]
W+ F1: Help Menu
W+ Pause/Break: System Properties
W + Ctrl + Tab: Cycles through Tabs in your current app [eg. Firefox's last focused tabs]

Useless:

W+ Tab: Cycles Through Buttons in Taskbar
W+ M: Minimize all open windows.
W+ Shift+M: Maximize the windows you had open before minimizing
W+B: Set focus to the first System Tray Icon [which is the arrow if you enable the Hide Inactive Icons option]
CTRL+W +F: Search for computers

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with Intel Type software installed

W +P: Starts Print Manager
W +C: Opens Control Panel
W +V: Starts Clipboard
W +K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box
W +I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box
W +A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)
W +Spacebar: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys
W +S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off

Windows 7 Keyboard Shortcuts

Ease of Access
Right Shift for eight seconds	Turn Filter Keys on and off
Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn (or PrtScn)	Turn High Contrast on or off
Left Alt+Left Shift+Num Lock	Turn Mouse Keys on or off
Shift five times	Turn Sticky Keys on or off
Num Lock for five seconds	Turn Toggle Keys on or off
Windows logo key +U	Open the Ease of Access Center
General
F1	Display Help
Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Insert	Copy the selected item
Ctrl+X	Cut the selected item
Ctrl+V or Shift+Insert	Paste the selected item
Ctrl+Z	Undo an action
Ctrl+Y	Redo an action
Delete or Ctrl+D	Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin
Shift+Delete	Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first
F2	Rename the selected item
Ctrl+Right Arrow	Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word
Ctrl+Left Arrow	Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word
Ctrl+Down Arrow	Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph
Ctrl+Up Arrow	Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph
Ctrl+Shift with an arrow key	Select a block of text
Shift with any arrow key	Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document
Ctrl with any arrow key+Spacebar	Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop
Ctrl+A	Select all items in a document or window
F3	Search for a file or folder
Alt+Enter	Display properties for the selected item
Alt+F4	Close the active item, or exit the active program
Alt+Spacebar	Open the shortcut menu for the active window
Ctrl+F4	Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
Alt+Tab	Switch between open items
Ctrl+Alt+Tab	Use the arrow keys to switch between open items
Ctrl+Mouse scroll wheel	Change the size of icons on the desktop
Windows logo key +Tab	Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D
Ctrl+Windows logo key +Tab	Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D
Alt+Esc	Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened
F6	Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F4	Display the address bar list in Windows Explorer
Shift+F10	Display the shortcut menu for the selected item
Ctrl+Esc	Open the Start menu
Alt+underlined letter	Display the corresponding menu
Alt+underlined letter	Perform the menu command (or other underlined command)
F10	Activate the menu bar in the active program
Right Arrow	Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu
Left Arrow	Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu
F5 or Ctrl+R	Refresh the active window
Alt+Up Arrow	View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer
Esc	Cancel the current task
Ctrl+Shift+Esc	Open Task Manager
Shift when you insert a CD	Prevent the CD from automatically playing
Left Alt+Shift	Switch the input language when multiple input languages are enabled
Ctrl+Shift	Switch the keyboard layout when multiple keyboard layouts are enabled
Right or Left Ctrl+Shift	Change the reading direction of text in right-to-left reading languages
Dialog box
Ctrl+Tab	Move forward through tabs
Ctrl+Shift+Tab	Move back through tabs
Tab	Move forward through options
Shift+Tab	Move back through options
Alt+underlined letter	Perform the command (or select the option) that goes with that letter
Enter	Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands
Spacebar	Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow keys	Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F1	Display Help
F4	Display the items in the active list
Backspace	Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box
Windows logo key
Windows logo key	Open or close the Start menu.
Windows logo key +Pause	Display the System Properties dialog box.
Windows logo key +D	Display the desktop.
Windows logo key +M	Minimize all windows.
Windows logo key +Shift+M	Restore minimized windows to the desktop.
Windows logo key +E	Open Computer.
Windows logo key +F	Search for a file or folder.
Ctrl+Windows logo key +F	Search for computers (if you're on a network).
Windows logo key +L	Lock your computer or switch users.
Windows logo key +R	Open the Run dialog box.
Windows logo key +T	Cycle through programs on the taskbar.
Windows logo key +number	Start the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number. If the program is already running, switch to that program.
Shift+Windows logo key +number	Start a new instance of the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.
Ctrl+Windows logo key +number	Switch to the last active window of the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.
Alt+Windows logo key +number	Open the Jump List for the program pinned to the taskbar in the position indicated by the number.
Windows logo key +Tab	Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.
Ctrl+Windows logo key +Tab	Use the arrow keys to cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D.
Ctrl+Windows logo key +B	Switch to the program that displayed a message in the notification area.
Windows logo key +Spacebar	Preview the desktop.
Windows logo key +Up Arrow	Maximize the window.
Windows logo key +Left Arrow	Maximize the window to the left side of the screen.
Windows logo key +Right Arrow	Maximize the window to the right side of the screen.
Windows logo key +Down Arrow	Minimize the window.
Windows logo key +Home	Minimize all but the active window.
Windows logo key +Shift+Up Arrow	Stretch the window to the top and bottom of the screen.
Windows logo key +Shift+Left Arrow or Right Arrow	Move a window from one monitor to another.
Windows logo key +P	Choose a presentation display mode.
Windows logo key +G	Cycle through gadgets.
Windows logo key +U	Open Ease of Access Center.
Windows logo key +X	Open Windows Mobility Center.
Windows Explorer
Ctrl+N	Open a new window
Ctrl+W	Close the current window
Ctrl+Shift+N	Create a new folder
End	Display the bottom of the active window
Home	Display the top of the active window
F11	Maximize or minimize the active window
Ctrl+Period (.)	Rotate a picture clockwise
Ctrl+Comma (,)	Rotate a picture counter-clockwise
Num Lock+Asterisk (*) on numeric keypad	Display all subfolders under the selected folder
Num Lock+Plus Sign (+) on numeric keypad	Display the contents of the selected folder
Num Lock+Minus Sign (-) on numeric keypad	Collapse the selected folder
Left Arrow	Collapse the current selection (if it's expanded), or select the parent folder
Alt+Enter	Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item
Alt+P	Display the preview pane
Alt+Left Arrow	View the previous folder
Backspace	View the previous folder
Right Arrow	Display the current selection (if it's collapsed), or select the first subfolder
Alt+Right Arrow	View the next folder
Alt+Up Arrow	View the parent folder
Ctrl+Shift+E	Display all folders above the selected folder
Ctrl+Mouse scroll wheel	Change the size and appearance of file and folder icons
Alt+D	Select the address bar
Ctrl+E	Select the search box
Ctrl+F	Select the search box
Taskbar
Shift+Click on a taskbar button	Open a program or quickly open another instance of a program
Ctrl+Shift+Click on a taskbar button	Open a program as an administrator
Shift+Right-click on a taskbar button	Show the window menu for the program
Shift+Right-click on a grouped taskbar button	Show the window menu for the group
Ctrl+Click on a grouped taskbar button	Cycle through the windows of the group
Magnifier
Windows logo key + Plus Sign or Minus Sign	Zoom in or out
Ctrl+Alt+Spacebar	Preview the desktop in full-screen mode
Ctrl+Alt+F	Switch to full-screen mode
Ctrl+Alt+L	Switch to lens mode
Ctrl+Alt+D	Switch to docked mode
Ctrl+Alt+I	Invert colors
Ctrl+Alt+arrow keys	Pan in the direction of the arrow keys
Ctrl+Alt+R	Resize the lens
Windows logo key + Esc	Exit Magnifier
Remote Desktop Connection
Alt+Page Up	Move between programs from left to right.
Alt+Page Down	Move between programs from right to left.
Alt+Insert	Cycle through programs in the order that they were started in.
Alt+Home	Display the Start menu.
Ctrl+Alt+Break	Switch between a window and full screen.
Ctrl+Alt+End	Display the Windows Security dialog box.
Alt+Delete	Display the system menu.
Ctrl+Alt+Minus Sign (-) on the numeric keypad	Place a copy of the active window, within the client, on the Terminal server clipboard (provides the same functionality as pressing Alt+PrtScn on a local computer).
Ctrl+Alt+Plus Sign (+) on the numeric keypad	Place a copy of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard (provides the same functionality as pressing PrtScn on a local computer).
Ctrl+Alt+Right Arrow	“Tab” out of the Remote Desktop controls to a control in the host program (for example, a button or a text box). Useful when the Remote Desktop controls are embedded in another (host) program.
Ctrl+Alt+Left Arrow	“Tab” out of the Remote Desktop controls to a control in the host program (for example, a button or a text box). Useful when the Remote Desktop controls are embedded in another (host) program.
Paint
Ctrl+N	Create a new picture
Ctrl+O	Open an existing picture
Ctrl+S	Save changes to a picture
F12	Save the picture as a new file
Ctrl+P	Print a picture
Alt+F4	Close a picture and its Paint window
Ctrl+Z	Undo a change
Ctrl+Y	Redo a change
Ctrl+A	Select the entire picture
Ctrl+X	Cut a selection
Ctrl+C	Copy a selection to the Clipboard
Ctrl+V	Paste a selection from the Clipboard
Right Arrow	Move the selection or active shape right by one pixel
Left Arrow	Move the selection or active shape left by one pixel
Down Arrow	Move the selection or active shape down by one pixel
Up Arrow	Move the selection or active shape up by one pixel
Esc	Cancel a selection
Delete	Delete a selection
Ctrl+B	Bold selected text
Ctrl++	Increase the width of a brush, line, or shape outline by one pixel
Ctrl+-	Decrease the width of a brush, line, or shape outline by one pixel
Ctrl+I	Italicize selected text
Ctrl+U	Underline selected text
Ctrl+E	Open the Properties dialog box
Ctrl+W	Open the Resize and Skew dialog box
Ctrl+Page Up	Zoom in
Ctrl+Page Down	Zoom out
F11	View a picture in full-screen mode
Ctrl+R	Show or hide the ruler
Ctrl+G	Show or hide gridlines
F10 or Alt	Display keytips
Shift+F10	Show the current shortcut menu
F1	Open Paint Help
WordPad
Ctrl+N	Create a new document
Ctrl+O	Open an existing document
Ctrl+S	Save changes to a document
F12	Save the document as a new file
Ctrl+P	Print a document
Alt+F4	Close WordPad
Ctrl+Z	Undo a change
Ctrl+Y	Redo a change
Ctrl+A	Select the entire document
Ctrl+X	Cut a selection
Ctrl+C	Copy a selection to the Clipboard
Ctrl+V	Paste a selection from the Clipboard
Ctrl+B	Make selected text bold
Ctrl+I	Italicize selected text
Ctrl+U	Underline selected text
Ctrl+=	Make selected text subscript
Ctrl+Shift+=	Make selected text superscript
Ctrl+L	Align text left
Ctrl+E	Align text center
Ctrl+R	Align text right
Ctrl+J	Justify text
Ctrl+1	Set single line spacing
Ctrl+2	Set double line spacing
Ctrl+5	Set line spacing to 1.5
Ctrl+Shift+>	Increase the font size
Ctrl+Shift+<	Decrease the font size
Ctrl+Shift+A	Change characters to all capitals
Ctrl+Shift+L	Change the bullet style
Ctrl+D	Insert a Microsoft Paint drawing
Ctrl+F	Find text in a document
F3	Find the next instance of the text in the Find dialog box
Ctrl+H	Replace text in a document
Ctrl+Left Arrow	Move the cursor one word to the left
Ctrl+Right Arrow	Move the cursor one word to the right
Ctrl+Up Arrow	Move the cursor to the line above
Ctrl+Down Arrow	Move the cursor to the line below
Ctrl+Home	Move to the beginning of the document
Ctrl+End	Move to the end of the document
Ctrl+Page Up	Move up one page
Ctrl+Page Down	Move down one page
Ctrl+Delete	Delete the next word
F10	Display keytips
Shift+F10	Show the current shortcut menu
F1	Open WordPad Help
Calculator
Alt+1	Switch to Standard mode
Alt+2	Switch to Scientific mode
Alt+3	Switch to Programmer mode
Alt+4	Switch to Statistics mode
Ctrl+E	Open date calculations
Ctrl+H	Turn calculation history on or off
Ctrl+U	Open unit conversion
Alt+C	Calculate or solve date calculations and worksheets
F1	Open Calculator Help
Ctrl+Q	Press the M- button
Ctrl+P	Press the M+ button
Ctrl+M	Press the MS button
Ctrl+R	Press the MR button
Ctrl+L	Press the MC button
%	Press the % button
F9	Press the +/– button
/	Press the / button
*	Press the * button
+	Press the + button
-	Press the – button
R	Press the 1/× button
@	Press the square root button
0-9	Press the number buttons (0-9)
=	Press the = button
.	Press the . (decimal point) button
Backspace	Press the backspace button
Esc	Press the C button
Del	Press the CE button
Ctrl+Shift+D	Clear the calculation history
F2	Edit the calculation history
Up Arrow key	Navigate up in the calculation history
Down Arrow key	Navigate down in the calculation history
Esc	Cancel editing the calculation history
Enter	Recalculate the calculation history after editing
F3	Select Degrees in Scientific mode
F4	Select Radians in Scientific mode
F5	Select Grads in Scientific mode
I	Press the Inv button in Scientific mode
D	Press the Mod button in Scientific mode
Ctrl+S	Press the sinh button in Scientific mode
Ctrl+O	Press the cosh button in Scientific mode
Ctrl+T	Press the tanh button in Scientific mode
(	Press the ( button in Scientific mode
)	Press the ) button in Scientific mode
N	Press the ln button in Scientific mode
;	Press the Int button in Scientific mode
S	Press the sin button in Scientific mode
O	Press the cos button in Scientific mode
T	Press the tan button in Scientific mode
M	Press the dms button in Scientific mode
P	Press the pi button in Scientific mode
V	Press the F-E button in Scientific mode
X	Press the Exp button in Scientific mode
Q	Press the x^2 button in Scientific mode
Y	Press the x^y button in Scientific mode
#	Press the x^3 button in Scientific mode
L	Press the log button in Scientific mode
!	Press the n! button in Scientific mode
Ctrl+Y	Press the y√x button in Scientific mode
Ctrl+B	Press the 3√x button in Scientific mode
Ctrl+G	Press the 10x button in Scientific mode
F5	Select Hex in Programmer mode
F6	Select Dec in Programmer mode
F7	Select Oct in Programmer mode
F8	Select Bin in Programmer mode
F12	Select Qword in Programmer mode
F2	Select Dword in Programmer mode
F3	Select Word in Programmer mode
F4	Select Byte in Programmer mode
K	Press the RoR button in Programmer mode
J	Press the RoL button in Programmer mode
<	Press the Lsh button in Programmer mode
>	Press the Rsh button in Programmer mode
%	Press the Mod button in Programmer mode
(	Press the ( button in Programmer mode
)	Press the ) button in Programmer mode
|	Press the Or button in Programmer mode
^	Press the Xor button in Programmer mode
~	Press the Not button in Programmer mode
&	Press the And button in Programmer mode
A-F	Press the A-F buttons in Programmer mode
Spacebar	Toggles the bit value in Programmer mode
A	Press the Average button in Statistics mode
Ctrl+A	Press the Average Sq button in Statistics mode
S	Press the Sum button in Statistics mode
Ctrl+S	Press the Sum Sq button in Statistics mode
T	Press the S.D. button in Statistics mode
Ctrl+T	Press the Inv S.D. button in Statistics mode
D	Press the CAD button in Statistics mode
Windows Journal
Ctrl+N	Start a new note
Ctrl+O	Open a recently used note
Ctrl+S	Save changes to a note
Ctrl+Shift+V	Move a note to a specific folder
Ctrl+P	Print a note
Alt+F4	Close a note and its Journal window
Ctrl+Z	Undo a change
Ctrl+Y	Redo a change
Ctrl+A	Select all items on a page
Ctrl+X	Cut a selection
Ctrl+C	Copy a selection to the Clipboard
Ctrl+V	Paste a selection from the Clipboard
Esc	Cancel a selection
Delete	Delete a selection
Ctrl+F	Start a basic find
Ctrl+G	Go to a page
F5	Refresh find results
F5	Refresh the note list
F6	Toggle between a note list and a note
Ctrl+Shift+C	Display a shortcut menu for column headings in a note list
F11	View a note in full-screen mode
F1	Open Journal Help
Windows Help viewer
Alt+C	Display the Table of Contents
Alt+N	Display the Connection Settings menu
F10	Display the Options menu
Alt+Left Arrow	Move back to the previously viewed topic
Alt+Right Arrow	Move forward to the next (previously viewed) topic
Alt+A	Display the customer support page
Alt+Home	Display the Help and Support home page
Home	Move to the beginning of a topic
End	Move to the end of a topic
Ctrl+F	Search the current topic
Ctrl+P	Print a topic
F3	Move the cursor to the search box